{"id":3818,"date":"2025-03-03T02:16:45","date_gmt":"2025-03-02T23:16:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/?page_id=3818"},"modified":"2025-03-03T02:16:45","modified_gmt":"2025-03-02T23:16:45","slug":"ferruh-ozpilavci-mantik-okumalari-katibi-es-semsiyye-26","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/ferruh-ozpilavci-mantik-okumalari-katibi-es-semsiyye-26\/","title":{"rendered":"Ferruh \u00d6zpilavc\u0131, Mant\u0131k Okumalar\u0131: K\u00e2tib\u00ee, e\u015f-\u015eemsiyye 26"},"content":{"rendered":"

FERRUH \u00d6ZP\u0130LAVCI, MANTIK OKUMALARI: K\u00c2T\u0130B\u00ce, E\u015e-\u015eEMS\u0130YYE 26. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu seminerde klasik mant\u0131k okumalar\u0131na devam edilerek \u00f6nermeler ve onlar\u0131n birbirleriyle ili\u015fkileri ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tek\u00e2b\u00fcl\u00fcl kazaya kavram\u0131 \u00fczerinden \u00f6nermeler aras\u0131ndaki do\u011fruluk ili\u015fkileri incelenmi\u015f, ard\u0131ndan tel\u00e2zumul kazaya (\u00f6nermelerin birbirini gerektirmesi) konusu tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle d\u00fcz d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme ve ters d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme y\u00f6ntemleri \u00fczerinde durulmu\u015f, bir \u00f6nermenin mahmul ve mevzular\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l yer de\u011fi\u015ftirebilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ana Temalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u00d6nermelerin Do\u011fruluk \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/strong>
    \n\u00d6nermeler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler tenakuz, tezat, \u00fcst tezat, alt tezat, ted\u00e2h\u00fcl ve alt\u0131kl\u0131k kavramlar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcmel olumlu, t\u00fcmel olumsuz, tikel olumlu ve tikel olumsuz \u00f6nermeler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler a\u00e7\u0131klanarak, \u00f6nermelerin birbirini nas\u0131l gerektirdi\u011fi \u00fczerinde durulmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n
  2. Tel\u00e2zumul Kazaya: \u00d6nermelerin Birbirini Gerektirmesi<\/strong>
    \nDo\u011fru bir \u00f6nermeden ba\u015fka bir do\u011fru \u00f6nermenin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcreci incelenmi\u015ftir. Mevzu ve mahmul de\u011fi\u015fmemek kayd\u0131yla, \u00f6nermenin i\u00e7inde z\u0131mnen var olan ba\u015fka do\u011frular\u0131n nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u011fer bir \u00f6nerme do\u011fru ise, onun i\u00e7eri\u011finde gizli olan ba\u015fka do\u011frular da mevcuttur anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 temel al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n
  3. D\u00fcz D\u00f6nd\u00fcrme Y\u00f6ntemi (Aks Konusu)<\/strong>
    \nD\u00fcz d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme (Aksi M\u00fcstesv\u00ee), bir \u00f6nermenin niteli\u011fine dokunmadan, mevzu ve mahmul\u00fcn\u00fcn yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesiyle yeni bir do\u011fru \u00f6nerme elde edilmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
      \n
    • T\u00fcmel olumlu bir \u00f6nerme (Her insan canl\u0131d\u0131r), tikel olumlu hale d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclerek (Baz\u0131 canl\u0131lar insand\u0131r) do\u011frulu\u011funu korur.<\/li>\n
    • T\u00fcmel olumsuz bir \u00f6nerme (Hi\u00e7bir insan ta\u015f de\u011fildir), yine t\u00fcmel olumsuz olarak (Hi\u00e7bir ta\u015f insan de\u011fildir) d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir.<\/li>\n
    • Tikel olumsuz \u00f6nermelerin ise genellikle d\u00fcz d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmesi bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
    • Ters D\u00f6nd\u00fcrme Y\u00f6ntemi (Aksi N\u00e2k\u0131z)<\/strong>
      \nTers d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmede ise mevzu ve mahmul yer de\u011fi\u015ftirirken, ayn\u0131 zamanda mahmul\u00fcn z\u0131tt\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
        \n
      • \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u201cHer insan canl\u0131d\u0131r\u201d \u00f6nermesi ters d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u201cHer canl\u0131 olmayan, insan olmayand\u0131r\u201d \u015feklinde ifade edilir.<\/li>\n
      • T\u00fcmel olumsuz \u00f6nermeler ters d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, tikel olumsuz hale gelmektedir.<\/li>\n
      • Tikel olumlu \u00f6nermelerin ters d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmesi genellikle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir, ancak baz\u0131 \u00f6rneklerde uygulanabilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
      • \u00d6nermelerin Mant\u0131ksal D\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u00dczerine Ele\u015ftiriler ve Tart\u0131\u015fmalar<\/strong>
        \n\u0130bn S\u00een\u00e2 gelene\u011finin \u00f6nermeleri d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme kurallar\u0131 ile i\u015fledi\u011fi, ancak m\u00fcteahhir d\u00f6nemde \u00f6zellikle \u015eemsiyye gibi eserlerde baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler \u00f6nerildi\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Ters d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme kurallar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcmel olumsuz \u00f6nermeler i\u00e7in baz\u0131 durumlarda problem olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ve bu y\u00fczden alternatif bir y\u00f6ntem teklif edildi\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Bu seminerde \u00f6nermeler aras\u0131ndaki do\u011fruluk ili\u015fkileri, \u00f6nermelerin birbirini gerektirmesi (tel\u00e2zumul kazaya) ve d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme y\u00f6ntemleri ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00fcz d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme ve ters d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme y\u00f6ntemleri detayland\u0131r\u0131larak, \u00f6nermelerin mant\u0131ksal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, klasik mant\u0131k kurallar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcteahhir d\u00f6nemde nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir sonraki seminerde ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme (istidl\u00e2l) konusuna ge\u00e7ilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        This seminar continues the study of classical logic, focusing on propositions and their interrelations. Through the concept of correspondence of propositions (tak\u0101bul al-qa\u1e0d\u0101y\u0101), the relationships between truth values of different propositions are analyzed. The discussion then shifts to entailment of propositions (tal\u0101zum al-qa\u1e0d\u0101y\u0101), particularly addressing direct conversion and obversion and how the subject and predicate of a proposition can be interchanged.<\/p>\n

        Main Themes<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Truth Relations Between Propositions<\/strong>
          \nThe relationships among propositions are examined through contradiction (tan\u0101qu\u1e0d), contrariety (ta\u1e0d\u0101dd), sub-contrariety, subalternation, and inclusion. The logical interconnections between universal affirmative, universal negative, particular affirmative, and particular negative propositions are discussed, emphasizing how one proposition necessitates another.<\/li>\n
        2. Tal\u0101zum al-Qa\u1e0d\u0101y\u0101: The Entailment of Propositions<\/strong>
          \nThe seminar explores how one true proposition implies another true proposition. While keeping the subject and predicate unchanged, hidden truths within a proposition are revealed. This principle is based on the idea that if a proposition is true, it inherently contains other truths.<\/li>\n
        3. Direct Conversion (Aks Mustaw\u012b)<\/strong>
          \nDirect conversion (Aks Mustaw\u012b) allows the transformation of a proposition by interchanging its subject and predicate without altering its truth value.<\/p>\n
            \n
          • A universal affirmative proposition (\u201cAll humans are living beings\u201d) can be converted into a particular affirmative (\u201cSome living beings are humans\u201d) while preserving its truth.<\/li>\n
          • A universal negative proposition (\u201cNo human is a stone\u201d) can be directly converted to (\u201cNo stone is a human\u201d).<\/li>\n
          • Particular negative propositions generally do not have a valid direct conversion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
          • Obversion (Aks N\u0101qi\u1e0d)<\/strong>
            \nIn obversion, the subject and predicate are interchanged, and the predicate is replaced with its negation.<\/p>\n
              \n
            • For example, the proposition \u201cAll humans are living beings\u201d converts to \u201cAll non-living beings are non-humans.\u201d<\/li>\n
            • Universal negative propositions, when obverted, typically become particular negative statements.<\/li>\n
            • Obversion of particular affirmative propositions is generally invalid, though applicable in certain cases.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
            • Criticism and Discussions on Logical Conversions<\/strong>
              \nThe Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 tradition applied conversion rules rigidly, but later scholars, particularly in al-Shamsiyya, proposed modifications. The seminar highlights issues with obversion rules in the case of universal negative propositions, leading to alternative logical methods being suggested.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

              This seminar covers the logical relationships between propositions, entailment (tal\u0101zum al-qa\u1e0d\u0101y\u0101), and conversion methods. The principles of direct conversion and obversion are analyzed in detail, explaining how logical transformations of propositions operate. Additionally, the evolution of classical logic in later periods is discussed. The next seminar will transition into syllogistic reasoning (istidl\u0101l).<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              FERRUH \u00d6ZP\u0130LAVCI, MANTIK OKUMALARI: K\u00c2T\u0130B\u00ce, E\u015e-\u015eEMS\u0130YYE 26. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130 Bu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3818","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3818","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3818"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3818\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3820,"href":"http:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3818\/revisions\/3820"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3818"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}