EŞREF ALTAŞ, RÂZİ OKUMALARI: MUHASSAL 6. SEMİNER ÖZETİ
Purpose and Content of the Seminar
This seminar continues the critical examination of self-evident (badīhī) propositions in Rāzī’s al-Muḥaṣṣal, focusing on a second set of arguments that question their absolute certainty. Rāzī’s aim is to demonstrate that seemingly self-evident statements—such as “something either exists or does not”—are vulnerable to doubt when confronted with ontological possibilities and metaphysical assumptions. The session analyzes five examples that challenge both sensory data and the intellect’s reliability, engaging broader theological-philosophical concepts such as divine power (qudra), natural order, possibility (imkān), and actualization (wuqū‘).
- Second Argument Against Self-Evident Propositions
Rāzī contends that the intellect attributes certainty not only to self-evident truths but also to propositions based on habitual or conjectural knowledge. This undermines the exclusive status of badīhīs. For instance, perceiving someone twice and judging them to be the same person appears self-evident, but remains vulnerable to doubt based on metaphysical or theological considerations.
- Five Case Examples and Their Critical Implications
The examples include: (1) the re-identification of a person seen previously; (2) assuming all humans come from parents and undergo childhood; (3) assuming household items do not transform in one’s absence; (4) inferring consciousness and intellect from coherent speech; (5) the possibility of Gabriel appearing in human form, such as Dihya. Each of these illustrates how persistent metaphysical or divine possibilities challenge the validity of certainty in such judgments.
- The Distinction Between Possibility and Actualization
Rāzī’s approach blurs the distinction between what is possible and what actually occurs. Classical epistemology insists on the principle that possibility is broader than actualization. Failure to respect this distinction leads to skepticism and epistemological anxiety, as it grants equal status to all conceivable alternatives.
- Divine Power and Logical Constraints
Commentators like Katibī and Ṭūsī counter Rāzī’s examples by rejecting their feasibility. They assert that God’s power does not extend to logical impossibilities and that hypothetical anomalies based on “strange cosmic alignments” (al-shakl al-gharīb) or radical divine intervention fall outside the scope of rational epistemology.
- al-Ghazālī and the Habit–Nature Distinction
The seminar draws from al-Ghazālī’s Tahāfut to contrast “habitual regularity” (‘āda) with natural necessity. While Ghazālī allows for miracles and divine intervention, he maintains that possibility does not negate epistemic certainty. This distinction preserves the validity of empirical and rational judgments within a framework that allows for exceptions.
Conclusion
This seminar offers a rigorous critique of self-evident propositions through the lens of Rāzī’s philosophical theology. It challenges the infallibility of sensory and rational certainties by introducing metaphysical alternatives and engages classical debates on epistemology, ontology, and divine power. Ultimately, it highlights the tension between theoretical possibility and epistemic stability in Islamic thought.
