{"id":3815,"date":"2025-03-03T02:14:30","date_gmt":"2025-03-02T23:14:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/?page_id=3815"},"modified":"2025-03-03T02:14:30","modified_gmt":"2025-03-02T23:14:30","slug":"ferruh-ozpilavci-mantik-okumalari-katibi-es-semsiyye-27","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/ferruh-ozpilavci-mantik-okumalari-katibi-es-semsiyye-27\/","title":{"rendered":"Ferruh \u00d6zpilavc\u0131, Mant\u0131k Okumalar\u0131: K\u00e2tib\u00ee, e\u015f-\u015eemsiyye 27"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>FERRUH \u00d6ZP\u0130LAVCI, MANTIK OKUMALARI: K\u00c2T\u0130B\u00ce, E\u015e-\u015eEMS\u0130YYE 27. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu seminerde mant\u0131ksal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm kurallar\u0131na devam edilerek ters d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme (aksi n\u00e2k\u0131z) y\u00f6ntemleri ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130bn S\u00een\u00e2c\u0131 klasik y\u00f6ntemin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, m\u00fcteahhir\u00fbn mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n alternatif ters d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme y\u00f6ntemi incelenmi\u015ftir. \u00d6nermelerin y\u00fcklem ve \u00f6zne de\u011fi\u015fiminde \u00e7eli\u015fik kavramlar\u0131n nas\u0131l ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, \u015fartl\u0131 \u00f6nermeler ve bunlar\u0131n gerektirme ili\u015fkileri detayland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ana Temalar<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Ters D\u00f6nd\u00fcrme (Aksi N\u00e2k\u0131z) ve Klasik Y\u00f6ntem<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0130bn S\u00een\u00e2c\u0131 klasik y\u00f6ntem, ters d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmede \u00f6nermenin y\u00fckleminin \u00e7eli\u015fi\u011finin \u00f6zne haline getirilmesi ve \u00f6znenin y\u00fcklem olarak korunmas\u0131 esas\u0131na dayan\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Her insan canl\u0131d\u0131r \u00f6nermesi klasik y\u00f6ntemle Her canl\u0131 olmayan insan olmayand\u0131r \u015feklinde ters d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00fcmel olumsuz \u00f6nermeler, tikel olumsuz hale gelerek d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u00fcteahhir\u00fbn Mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Alternatif Ters D\u00f6nd\u00fcrme Y\u00f6ntemi<\/strong><br \/>\nFahreddin R\u00e2z\u00ee ve takip\u00e7ileri, klasik y\u00f6ntemin baz\u0131 belirsizlikler i\u00e7erdi\u011fini belirterek yeni bir ters d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme y\u00f6ntemi \u00f6nermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Klasik y\u00f6ntemde \u00f6zne ve y\u00fcklemin \u00e7eli\u015fi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilirken, m\u00fcteahhir\u00fbn y\u00f6ntemi \u00f6nermenin niteli\u011fini de de\u011fi\u015ftirerek farkl\u0131 bir form sunar.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6rne\u011fin, Her insan canl\u0131d\u0131r \u00f6nermesi klasik y\u00f6nteme g\u00f6re Hi\u00e7bir canl\u0131 olmayan insan de\u011fildir \u015feklinde d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ma\u011fdule ve Olumsuz \u00d6nermeler Aras\u0131ndaki Ayr\u0131m<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>M\u00fcteahhir\u00fbn mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar, ma\u011fdule (olumsuz y\u00fcklemli \u00f6nermeler) ile do\u011frudan olumsuz \u00f6nermeler aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u0130nsan olmayan de\u011fildir ifadesinin, \u0130nsan de\u011fildir ifadesinden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve bunun d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u015eartl\u0131 \u00d6nermelerin D\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve Gerektirme \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u015eartl\u0131 \u00f6nermelerin (mukayyed ve ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131k) birbirinden t\u00fcretilme kurallar\u0131 ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>Biti\u015fik \u015fartl\u0131 \u00f6nermelerin ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131k \u015fartl\u0131 \u00f6nermelerle nas\u0131l ili\u015fkilendirilece\u011fi ve bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerin mant\u0131ksal ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Seyyid \u015eerif ve Kutbuddin R\u00e2z\u00ee\u2019nin Ele\u015ftirileri<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Seyyid \u015eerif C\u00fcrc\u00e2n\u00ee, m\u00fcteahhir\u00fbn y\u00f6ntemin gereksiz oldu\u011funu ve klasik y\u00f6ntemin zaten yeterli oldu\u011funu savunmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<li>Kutbuddin R\u00e2z\u00ee, klasik y\u00f6ntemin do\u011frulanmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan hulf (\u00e7eli\u015fkiye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme) ve iftiraz y\u00f6ntemleri hakk\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirmeler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu seminerde, ters d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme y\u00f6ntemleri, m\u00fcteahhir\u00fbn mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nerileri ve \u015fartl\u0131 \u00f6nermelerin gerektirme ili\u015fkileri incelenmi\u015ftir. Klasik \u0130bn S\u00een\u00e2c\u0131 y\u00f6ntem ile m\u00fcteahhir\u00fbn y\u00f6ntemi kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak, her iki yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n avantaj ve dezavantajlar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, \u015fartl\u0131 \u00f6nermelerin d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve mant\u0131ksal ili\u015fkileri detayland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir sonraki seminerde k\u0131yas ve ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme konular\u0131na ge\u00e7ilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>This seminar continues the discussion on logical transformation rules, focusing on obversion (Aks N\u0101qi\u1e0d) methods. It examines the classical Avicennian (Ibn S\u012bn\u0101) method, as well as alternative obversion methods proposed by later logicians (muta\u2019akhkhir\u016bn). The seminar explores how contradictions in subject-predicate interchange should be addressed and further delves into conditional propositions and their entailment relations.<\/p>\n<p>Main Themes<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Obversion (Aks N\u0101qi\u1e0d) in the Classical Method<\/strong><br \/>\nThe Avicennian classical method of obversion is based on transforming the predicate into its contradictory form while retaining the subject as the new predicate. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;All humans are living beings&#8221; is obverted as &#8220;All non-living beings are non-humans.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>Universal negative propositions transform into particular negatives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>The Alternative Obversion Method of Later Logicians (Muta\u2019akhkhir\u016bn)<\/strong><br \/>\nFahreddin al-R\u0101z\u012b and his followers criticized ambiguities in the classical method and proposed an alternative approach:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Instead of merely negating the predicate, later logicians adjusted the overall form of the proposition.<\/li>\n<li>For instance, the classical transformation &#8220;All humans are living beings&#8221; \u2192 &#8220;No non-living being is a human&#8221; takes on a modified structure in their approach.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Distinction Between Ma\u02bfd\u016bla (Negatively Qualified) and Directly Negative Propositions<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Later logicians distinguished between negatively qualified propositions (ma\u02bfd\u016bla) and directly negative ones.<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;A non-human is not&#8221; is not equivalent to &#8220;A human is not&#8221;, and such distinctions must be accounted for in obversion rules.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Transformation and Entailment in Conditional Propositions<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>The seminar addresses conversion rules for conditional (mukayyad) and disjunctive (munfa\u1e63il) propositions.<\/li>\n<li>How conjunctive conditionals can be transformed into disjunctive ones and the logical validity of such transformations are examined.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Criticisms by Sayyid Shar\u012bf Jurj\u0101n\u012b and Qutb al-D\u012bn al-R\u0101z\u012b<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Sayyid Shar\u012bf Jurj\u0101n\u012b argues that the alternative method proposed by later logicians is unnecessary, as the classical method is already sufficient.<\/li>\n<li>Qutb al-D\u012bn al-R\u0101z\u012b evaluates the classical method using reductio ad absurdum (hulf) and counterexample (iftir\u0101\u1e0d) techniques.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This seminar explores obversion methods, the proposals of later logicians, and entailment relations in conditional propositions. The classical Avicennian method is compared with the later modifications, evaluating their strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, logical transformations of conditional propositions and their validity are discussed. The next seminar will transition into syllogisms and reasoning (qiy\u0101s and istidl\u0101l).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>FERRUH \u00d6ZP\u0130LAVCI, MANTIK OKUMALARI: K\u00c2T\u0130B\u00ce, E\u015e-\u015eEMS\u0130YYE 27. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130 Bu [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3815","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3815","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3815"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3815\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3817,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3815\/revisions\/3817"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3815"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}