{"id":3827,"date":"2025-03-03T02:21:55","date_gmt":"2025-03-02T23:21:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/?page_id=3827"},"modified":"2025-03-03T02:21:55","modified_gmt":"2025-03-02T23:21:55","slug":"hayrettin-nebi-gudekli-kelama-giris-8","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/hayrettin-nebi-gudekli-kelama-giris-8\/","title":{"rendered":"Hayrettin Nebi G\u00fcdekli: Kelama Giri\u015f 8"},"content":{"rendered":"

HAYRETT\u0130N NEB\u0130 G\u00dcDEKL\u0130: KELAMA G\u0130R\u0130\u015e 8. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu seminerde insan fiillerinin yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 (halku af\u2018\u00e2lil-ib\u00e2d) problemi ve bu konuya ili\u015fkin farkl\u0131 kelam\u00ee yakla\u015f\u0131mlar ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk d\u00f6nem \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde sorunun nas\u0131l ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 incelenmi\u015f ve kelam ekollerinin insan fiilleriyle ilgili cevaplar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cebriye\u2019nin determinizmi ile Kaderiyye\u2019nin \u00f6zg\u00fcr irade g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ayr\u0131ca S\u00fcnn\u00ee kelam ekollerinin bu iki u\u00e7 yakla\u015f\u0131m aras\u0131nda nas\u0131l bir denge kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ana Temalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0130lk D\u00f6nem Kelam Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u0130nsan Fiilleri<\/strong>\n
      \n
    • \u0130nsan fiillerinin Allah taraf\u0131ndan m\u0131 yoksa insan\u0131n kendi iradesiyle mi meydana getirildi\u011fi sorusu erken d\u00f6nem kelam tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir konu olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n
    • Cebriye, insan\u0131n ger\u00e7ek bir fail olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, fiillerinin tamamen Allah taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n
    • Kaderiyye ise insan\u0131n kendi fiillerini ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/li>\n
    • Bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar, iman ve adalet meseleleriyle birlikte erken d\u00f6nem kelam\u00ee \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
    • \u0130nsan Fiilleri ve Kelam\u00ee Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong>\n
        \n
      • \u0130nsan fiilleri problemi, Allah\u2019\u0131n s\u0131fatlar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle iradesi ve kudreti ile do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n
      • Allah her \u015feyin yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ise, insan\u0131n iradesi ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olabilir?<\/li>\n
      • \u0130nsan sorumlu tutulacaksa, fiillerinin ger\u00e7ek faili olmas\u0131 gerekir mi? gibi sorular kelamc\u0131lar aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin do\u011fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
      • Hasan-\u0131 Basr\u00ee\u2019nin Cebriye Ele\u015ftirisi<\/strong>\n
          \n
        • Hasan-\u0131 Basr\u00ee, “Kader Risalesi” adl\u0131 eserinde Cebriye\u2019nin kader anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n
        • \u0130nsanlar\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131ndan sorumlu olmas\u0131, Allah\u2019\u0131n adaletinin bir gere\u011fidir.<\/li>\n
        • Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, Mu\u2018tezile ekol\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan benimsenmi\u015f ve geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
        • S\u00fcnn\u00ee Kelam\u0131n \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc: Kesb (\u0130ktisap) Teorisi<\/strong>\n
            \n
          • S\u00fcnn\u00ee kelamc\u0131lar, Allah\u2019\u0131n mutlak kudretini koruyarak insan\u0131n fiilleriyle ili\u015fkisini a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in kesb (iktisap) teorisini geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n
          • Kesb, Allah\u2019\u0131n fiilleri yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ancak insan\u0131n bunlar\u0131 kendi iradesiyle \u2018kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u2019 ifade eder.<\/li>\n
          • D\u0131r\u00e2r bin Amr ve Ebu Hanife, kesb teorisinin erken savunucular\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
          • E\u015f\u2018ar\u00ee ve M\u00e2t\u00fcr\u00eed\u00ee Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar Aras\u0131ndaki Farklar<\/strong>\n
              \n
            • Her iki mezhep de kesb teorisini benimsemi\u015ftir, ancak insan iradesinin etkisi konusunda farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedirler.<\/li>\n
            • E\u015f\u2018ar\u00eeler, fiilleri tamamen Allah\u2019\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve insan\u0131n fiilleri \u00fczerinde ger\u00e7ek bir etkisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunur.<\/li>\n
            • M\u00e2t\u00fcr\u00eed\u00eeler ise insan\u0131n fiillerini se\u00e7me konusunda bir rol\u00fc oldu\u011funu ancak bu fiilleri yaratan\u0131n yine Allah oldu\u011funu kabul eder.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
            • Mu\u2018tezile\u2019nin \u00d6zg\u00fcr \u0130rade ve \u0130lahi Adalet G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/strong>\n
                \n
              • Mu\u2018tezile\u2019ye g\u00f6re insan, fiillerinin ger\u00e7ek faili olmal\u0131d\u0131r; aksi takdirde Allah\u2019\u0131n adaleti zarar g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/li>\n
              • Allah k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckleri yaratmaz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc O adil ve merhametlidir; insan k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckleri kendisi yarat\u0131r.<\/li>\n
              • Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, Allah\u2019\u0131n mutlak kudretini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle Ehl-i S\u00fcnnet taraf\u0131ndan ele\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
              • \u00d6zg\u00fcr \u0130rade ve Determinizm Tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n Felsefi Boyutu<\/strong>\n
                  \n
                • Sonraki kelam tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda nedensellik ve zorunluluk kavramlar\u0131 felsef\u00ee ba\u011flamda ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n
                • Tek bir fiilin iki farkl\u0131 fail taraf\u0131ndan meydana getirilip getirilemeyece\u011fi (\u00e7ift nedensellik problemi) hem kelamc\u0131lar hem de filozoflar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir mesele olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  Bu seminerde insan fiillerinin yarat\u0131lmas\u0131, Allah\u2019\u0131n kudreti ve insan iradesi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cebriye\u2019nin kat\u0131 determinizmi ve Kaderiyye\u2019nin radikal \u00f6zg\u00fcr irade savunusu aras\u0131nda S\u00fcnn\u00ee kelamc\u0131lar kesb teorisiyle orta bir yol bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. E\u015f\u2018ar\u00eeler ilahi iradeye daha fazla vurgu yaparken, M\u00e2t\u00fcr\u00eed\u00eeler insan\u0131n tercih g\u00fcc\u00fcne daha fazla \u00f6nem vermi\u015ftir. Mu\u2018tezile ise insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr iradesini savunarak, ilahi adaletin korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ilahi s\u0131fatlar ve ahlaki sorumluluk meseleleriyle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  This seminar explores the problem of the creation of human actions (khalq af\u02bf\u0101l al-\u02bfib\u0101d) and the different theological approaches to this issue. It begins by discussing how the problem emerged in early Islamic thought and examines the theological schools\u2019 responses to the question of human agency. The seminar contrasts the deterministic view of the Jabriyya with the libertarian stance of the Qadariyya, while also addressing the development of Sunni theological approaches that sought a middle ground.<\/p>\n

                  Main Themes<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. The Problem of Human Actions in Early Kal\u0101m Debates<\/strong>\n
                      \n
                    • The question of whether humans create their own actions or if all actions are created by God led to major theological disputes.<\/li>\n
                    • The Jabriyya argued that humans are not true agents but rather passive recipients of divine creation.<\/li>\n
                    • The Qadariyya, on the other hand, asserted that humans generate their own actions independently.<\/li>\n
                    • These debates emerged alongside discussions on the nature of faith (\u012bm\u0101n) and divine justice (\u02bfadl) in early theological disputes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                    • Theological Implications of Human Agency<\/strong>\n
                        \n
                      • The issue of agency is linked to the attributes of God, particularly His will (ir\u0101da) and power (qudra).<\/li>\n
                      • The discussion raises the question of where divine agency ends and human agency begins.<\/li>\n
                      • If God is the sole creator, how can humans be held accountable for their deeds?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                      • Hasan al-Basr\u012b\u2019s Critique of Determinism<\/strong>\n
                          \n
                        • Hasan al-Basr\u012b\u2019s “Epistle on Qadar” (Ris\u0101lat al-Qadar) was one of the first written critiques of the deterministic Jabriyya view.<\/li>\n
                        • He argued that human responsibility for actions is fundamental to divine justice.<\/li>\n
                        • His position influenced the Mu\u02bftazila, who later placed him within their scholarly hierarchy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                        • The Sunni Response: Kasb (Acquisition) Theory<\/strong>\n
                            \n
                          • Sunni theologians sought a balance between divine omnipotence and human responsibility.<\/li>\n
                          • They distinguished between creation (khalq) and acquisition (kasb):\n
                              \n
                            • Creation refers to God’s ultimate control over existence.<\/li>\n
                            • Acquisition refers to the human ability to \u2018acquire\u2019 actions through their own will and power.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                            • Dhir\u0101r ibn \u02bfAmr and Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa were early proponents of kasb theory.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                            • Differences Between Ash\u02bfar\u012b and M\u0101tur\u012bd\u012b Approaches<\/strong>\n
                                \n
                              • Both Ash\u02bfar\u012bs and M\u0101tur\u012bd\u012bs accept kasb, but they differ in how they define human agency.<\/li>\n
                              • The Ash\u02bfar\u012bs argue that human actions are entirely created by God, and human agency is metaphorical.<\/li>\n
                              • The M\u0101tur\u012bd\u012bs, particularly Ab\u016b Man\u1e63\u016br al-M\u0101tur\u012bd\u012b, argue that human choice plays a real role in determining actions, though God still creates them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                              • The Mu\u02bftazil\u012b View: Human Free Will and Divine Justice<\/strong>\n
                                  \n
                                • The Mu\u02bftazila argue that humans must be the true creators of their actions to be morally responsible.<\/li>\n
                                • They reject the idea that God can be the creator of evil actions, as this would contradict divine justice.<\/li>\n
                                • This led to debates over whether God\u2019s omnipotence allows Him to create morally evil acts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                • The Philosophical Debate on Free Will and Determinism<\/strong>\n
                                    \n
                                  • Later discussions integrated philosophical concepts of causality and necessity.<\/li>\n
                                  • The debate over whether multiple causes (dual causality) can coexist in a single action became central to both kal\u0101m and Islamic philosophy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                    Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                    This seminar explores the theological dispute over human actions, the role of divine power, and the question of free will. The deterministic Jabriyya and libertarian Qadariyya represent two extremes, while Sunni theologians developed the kasb theory as a middle position. The Ash\u02bfar\u012bs emphasized divine control, while the M\u0101tur\u012bd\u012bs acknowledged human choice. Meanwhile, the Mu\u02bftazila defended complete free will to preserve divine justice. The seminar concludes by noting how this issue remains central in discussions of divine attributes and moral responsibility.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                    HAYRETT\u0130N NEB\u0130 G\u00dcDEKL\u0130: KELAMA G\u0130R\u0130\u015e 8. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130 Bu seminerde […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3827","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3827","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3827"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3827\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3829,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3827\/revisions\/3829"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3827"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}