{"id":4859,"date":"2025-05-05T12:52:26","date_gmt":"2025-05-05T09:52:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/?page_id=4859"},"modified":"2025-05-05T12:52:26","modified_gmt":"2025-05-05T09:52:26","slug":"ayhan-citil-aristoteles-metafizik-okumalari-24-seminer-ozeti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/ayhan-citil-aristoteles-metafizik-okumalari-24-seminer-ozeti\/","title":{"rendered":"AYHAN \u00c7\u0130T\u0130L: AR\u0130STOTELES, METAF\u0130Z\u0130K OKUMALARI 24. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

AYHAN \u00c7\u0130T\u0130L: AR\u0130STOTELES, METAF\u0130Z\u0130K OKUMALARI 24. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ana Temalar:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Varl\u0131k, ‘Bir’ ve A\u015fk\u0131n Terimler Tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>
    \nAristoteles\u2019in \u201cvarl\u0131k olmak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan varl\u0131k\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, \u201cvar\u201d, \u201cbir\u201d, \u201cdo\u011fru\u201d ve \u201ciyi\u201d gibi a\u015fk\u0131n terimlerin mant\u0131ksal ve ontolojik stat\u00fcs\u00fc tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bu terimlerin ek kategorik y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131p yaln\u0131zca varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n farkl\u0131 kiplerini ifade etti\u011fi savunulur. B\u00f6ylece “\u015fu \u015f\u00f6yledir” gibi ifadelerin ayn\u0131 zamanda “do\u011frudur”, “vard\u0131r” ve “birdir” anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7erdi\u011fi vurgulan\u0131r.<\/li>\n
  2. Usia (Cevher) Merkezli Ontolojik Kurgu<\/strong>
    \nBir \u015feyin var olmas\u0131n\u0131n en temel ko\u015fulu olarak usia kavram\u0131 ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Cevher d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki varl\u0131k t\u00fcrlerinin (nitelikler, yer, say\u0131 vb.) varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise cevherle kurduklar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131ya g\u00f6re a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda \u201ck\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131l\u0131k\u201d gibi arazlar\u0131n bir cevhere nispetle var oldu\u011fu, yerin ise cevherin kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzamla ili\u015fkili olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc belirtilir.<\/li>\n
  3. Modern Metafizik Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve Kant\u2019\u0131n Katk\u0131s\u0131<\/strong>
    \nModern d\u00f6nemde cevher kavram\u0131n\u0131n yitirilmesiyle birlikte, \u00f6zellikle Kant sonras\u0131 \u00f6zne-tecr\u00fcbe merkezli bir ontoloji ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Renk, yer ve say\u0131 gibi olgular\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, art\u0131k cevher de\u011fil, \u00f6znelli\u011fin imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 ve tecr\u00fcbe ko\u015fullar\u0131 \u00fczerinden temellendirilir. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, klasik metafizikten modern metafizi\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015fin temel k\u0131r\u0131lma noktalar\u0131ndan biri olarak sunulur.<\/li>\n
  4. Bo\u015f K\u00fcme, Say\u0131 ve Matematiksel Varl\u0131klar\u0131n Stat\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong>
    \nBo\u015f k\u00fcme \u00f6rne\u011fiyle, matematiksel varl\u0131klar\u0131n tekillik, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve cevherle ili\u015fki a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ontolojik durumu tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Frege\u2019nin s\u0131f\u0131r kavram\u0131 \u00fczerinden \u00e7eli\u015fki ve kaplam ili\u015fkisi ba\u011flam\u0131nda say\u0131lar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorgulan\u0131r.<\/li>\n
  5. Fiktif Varl\u0131klar ve Tam Belirlenim Sorunu<\/strong>
    \nSherlock Holmes gibi kurmaca karakterlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tam belirlenim (complete determination) ilkesiyle ili\u015fkilendirilir. Ger\u00e7ek bireylerin aksine, fiktif karakterler t\u00fcm y\u00fcklemler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan belirli olmad\u0131klar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 cevher say\u0131lmazlar. Kripke’nin kar\u015f\u0131 olgusal (counterfactual) \u00f6nerme kuram\u0131 \u00fczerinden, bu varl\u0131klar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek varl\u0131klarla fark\u0131 vurgulan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong>
    \nBu seminer, Aristoteles\u2019in cevher anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 modern felsefi ba\u011flamlarla ili\u015fkilendirerek, varl\u0131k kavram\u0131n\u0131n a\u015fk\u0131n terimlerle, mant\u0131ksal yap\u0131larla ve fiktif i\u00e7eriklerle nas\u0131l temellendirilebilece\u011fine dair derinlemesine bir tart\u0131\u015fma sunar. Ontolojide cevherin merkezi rol\u00fc sorgulan\u0131rken, hem klasik hem de \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f metafizi\u011fe dair kritik a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131mlar yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Main Themes:<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Being, ‘One’, and Transcendental Terms<\/strong>
      \nWithin Aristotle\u2019s framework of “being qua being,” transcendental terms such as “being,” “one,” “true,” and “good” are examined in terms of their logical and ontological status. These terms are said not to carry additional categorical predicates but to express different modes of being. Thus, a statement like “this is so” also implies that it “is,” “is one,” and “is true.”<\/li>\n
    2. Ontology Centered on Usia (Substance)<\/strong>
      \nThe concept of usia (substance) is presented as the fundamental condition for something to exist. Other categories of being (qualities, place, number, etc.) are interpreted in relation to substance. For instance, “redness” is considered to exist only insofar as it is predicated of a substance, and “place” is linked to the spatial occupation of a substance.<\/li>\n
    3. Modern Metaphysical Shifts and Kant\u2019s Contribution<\/strong>
      \nWith the decline of the substance-based ontology in modern philosophy, a shift toward subjectivity and experience emerges, particularly after Kant. The existence of properties like color, space, and number is no longer grounded in substance but in the conditions of subjective experience. This marks a crucial rupture between classical and modern metaphysics.<\/li>\n
    4. The Status of Mathematical Entities and the Empty Set<\/strong>
      \nUsing the example of the empty set, the seminar explores the ontological standing of mathematical entities in terms of individuality, independence, and relation to substance. Frege\u2019s concept of zero is revisited to investigate contradictions and issues of reference and extension in the context of numbers.<\/li>\n
    5. Fictive Beings and the Problem of Complete Determination<\/strong>
      \nFictional characters like Sherlock Holmes are analyzed through the principle of complete determination. Unlike real entities, fictional ones lack full predicative determination and thus cannot qualify as substances. Through Kripke\u2019s theory of counterfactual propositions, the ontological difference between fictional and actual beings is highlighted.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Conclusion:<\/strong>
      \nThis seminar offers a profound reflection on Aristotle\u2019s concept of substance, connecting it to modern philosophical debates. It investigates how being is determined through transcendental terms, logical structures, and fictional content, ultimately questioning the foundational role of substance in ontology while critically engaging with both classical and contemporary metaphysics.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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