{"id":5759,"date":"2025-05-18T09:04:26","date_gmt":"2025-05-18T06:04:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/?page_id=5759"},"modified":"2025-05-18T09:04:26","modified_gmt":"2025-05-18T06:04:26","slug":"esref-altas-ebheri-isaguci-2-seminer-ozeti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/esref-altas-ebheri-isaguci-2-seminer-ozeti\/","title":{"rendered":"E\u015eREF ALTA\u015e: EBHER\u0130, \u0130SAGUC\u0130 2. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

E\u015eREF ALTA\u015e: EBHER\u0130, \u0130SAGUC\u0130 2. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dersin Amac\u0131 ve \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu seminer, Ebher\u00ee\u2019nin mant\u0131k metni \u00ces\u00e2g\u00fbc\u00ee \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde tasavvur ve tasdik teorilerinin sistematik bi\u00e7imde i\u015flenmesini ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. E\u015fref Alta\u015f, be\u015f t\u00fcmel kavram\u0131 \u00fczerinden mant\u0131ksal kavramlar\u0131n tan\u0131m ve i\u015flevlerini a\u00e7\u0131klarken; tan\u0131m t\u00fcrleri, \u00f6nermelerin yap\u0131s\u0131 ve k\u0131yaslar\u0131n mant\u0131ki kurulu\u015funu detayland\u0131r\u0131r. Temel ama\u00e7, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel i\u015flemleri do\u011fru ve ge\u00e7erli bi\u00e7imde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmek i\u00e7in gerekli olan mant\u0131k ilkelerini, terim ili\u015fkilerini ve ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme kurallar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmektir.<\/p>\n

Ana Temalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Be\u015f T\u00fcmel Teorisi (Cins, T\u00fcr, Fas\u0131l, H\u00e2ssa, \u00c2r\u0131z)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Seminerin ilk k\u0131sm\u0131nda tasavvur teorisinin temelini olu\u015fturan be\u015f t\u00fcmel kavram\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r. Cins, t\u00fcr ve fas\u0131l, bir kavram\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc belirleyen z\u00e2t\u00ee unsurlar olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131rken; h\u00e2ssa ve \u00e2r\u0131z, mahiyete girmeyen ama betimleme de\u011feri olan araz\u00ee unsurlar olarak ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00fclme \u00f6rne\u011fiyle sadece insana \u00f6zg\u00fc h\u00e2ssa a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Tan\u0131m T\u00fcrleri (Tam Tan\u0131m, Eksik Tan\u0131m, Betim)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Mant\u0131kta tan\u0131m\u0131n amac\u0131 kavram\u0131n hakikatini ortaya koymakt\u0131r. Tam tan\u0131m (hadd-i t\u00e2m), yak\u0131n cins ve yak\u0131n fas\u0131ldan olu\u015furken; eksik tan\u0131m uzak cins ile yak\u0131n fasl\u0131 birle\u015ftirir. Betimlerde ise mahiyeti belirten de\u011fil, daha \u00e7ok \u00f6zellik bildiren ifadeler yer al\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle \u201cg\u00fclen canl\u0131\u201d gibi ifadeler, tan\u0131m de\u011fil betim olarak de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Tasdik Teorisi ve \u00d6nermeler<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Tasdik, \u201cdo\u011fru veya yanl\u0131\u015f\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fc i\u00e7eren yarg\u0131lar\u0131n analizidir. \u00d6nermeler olumlu\u2013olumsuz, t\u00fcmel\u2013tikel\u2013belirsiz gibi nitelik ve nicelik y\u00f6n\u00fcnden s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6zne\u2013y\u00fcklem ili\u015fkisi \u00fczerinden \u00f6nerme bi\u00e7imleri a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u015eartl\u0131 \u00d6nermeler ve Ayr\u0131mlar<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Biti\u015fik \u015fartl\u0131 ve ayr\u0131k \u015fartl\u0131 \u00f6nermeler kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00fcne\u015f do\u011farsa g\u00fcnd\u00fcz olur gibi zorunlu (l\u00fcz\u00fbm\u00ee) ba\u011flant\u0131lar ile rastlant\u0131sal (ittif\u00e2q\u00ee) ba\u011flant\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki farklar belirtilir. \u201cSay\u0131 ya \u00e7ifttir ya tektir\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fc ayr\u0131k \u00f6nermelerde \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc mant\u0131ksal ba\u011fda\u015fmazl\u0131k (mani\u2018at\u00fc\u2019l-cem, mani\u2018at\u00fc\u2019l-hul\u00fbv) a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u00c7eli\u015fki ve D\u00f6nd\u00fcrme Kurallar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Bir \u00f6nermenin \u00e7eli\u015fi\u011finin ancak y\u00fcklem, \u00f6zne, zaman gibi ba\u011flamlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 ifade edilir. T\u00fcmel olumlu (A) \u00f6nermenin \u00e7eli\u015fi\u011fi tikel olumsuz (O), t\u00fcmel olumsuz (E) \u00f6nermenin \u00e7eli\u015fi\u011fi tikel olumlu (I) \u015feklindedir. D\u00f6nd\u00fcrme kurallar\u0131 (\u00f6zne\u2013y\u00fcklem yer de\u011fi\u015fimi) da bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede ele al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. K\u0131yas Teorisi ve \u015eekil-Darb Sistemi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              K\u0131yas, en az iki \u00f6nermeden zorunlu bir sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemidir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck terim, b\u00fcy\u00fck terim ve orta terim kavramlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r. Birinci \u015fekil k\u0131yaslar (\u00f6r. Barbara, Celarent, Dari\u2019i, Ferio) detayl\u0131 \u015fekilde form\u00fcllendirilir. \u015eekiller orta terimin konumuna g\u00f6re, darb (modlar) ise \u00f6nermelerin nicelik-nitelik yap\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re tan\u0131mlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. \u0130stisnal\u0131 K\u0131yaslar ve Stoac\u0131 Mant\u0131k<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Geleneksel y\u00fcklemli k\u0131yaslara ek olarak, \u015fartl\u0131 ve istisnal\u0131 k\u0131yas t\u00fcrleri a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r. Stoac\u0131 gelene\u011fe dayanan bu yap\u0131lar, \u015fartl\u0131 \u00f6nc\u00fcllerden ve istisna edilen ifadelerden t\u00fcretilir.<\/p>\n

                Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

                Bu seminer, mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n tasavvurdan tasdike, oradan k\u0131yasa ve istisnal\u0131 ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctmelere kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bi\u00e7imde i\u015fler. E\u015fref Alta\u015f, hem klasik tan\u0131m ve t\u00fcmel sistemlerini a\u00e7\u0131klamakta hem de bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi nas\u0131l d\u00fczenledi\u011fini \u00f6rneklerle g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu oturum, \u00ces\u00e2g\u00fbc\u00ee okumalar\u0131n\u0131n mant\u0131k metodolojisini olu\u015fturan temel ilkelerini a\u00e7\u0131k ve sistematik bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                 <\/p>\n

                Seminar Purpose and Content<\/strong><\/p>\n

                This seminar offers a systematic exposition of the foundational elements of classical logic as outlined in Ath\u012br al-D\u012bn al-Abhar\u012b\u2019s Is\u0101gh\u016bj\u012b. E\u015fref Alta\u015f explores both conceptualization (ta\u1e63awwur) and assent (ta\u1e63d\u012bq) theories, focusing on the Five Predicables (al-kulliyy\u0101t al-khamsa) and their role in definition, propositions, and syllogistic reasoning. The aim is to ground valid thought processes through precise definitions, term classifications, and inferential structures central to traditional logic.<\/p>\n

                Key Themes<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. The Five Predicables (Genus, Species, Differentia, Property, Accident)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  The seminar opens with an explanation of the five universal predicables, which form the essence of conceptualization. Genus, species, and differentia constitute essential elements of a definition, while property (kh\u0101\u1e63\u1e63a) and accident (\u02bfara\u1e0d) serve as non-essential descriptors. For example, “laughing” is a property unique to the human species.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Types of Definition: Complete, Incomplete, and Descriptive<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Definitions aim to express the essence of a thing. A complete definition (\u1e25add t\u0101mm) consists of a proximate genus and differentia; an incomplete one may use a more distant genus. Descriptions (rasm) do not convey essence but rather indicate characteristics\u2014e.g., \u201ca laughing animal\u201d is considered a description, not a definition.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Assent and Proposition Structure<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      Assent refers to judgments that can be true or false. Propositions are analyzed in terms of quality (affirmative\/negative) and quantity (universal\/particular\/indefinite). Subject\u2013predicate relationships are essential to propositional structure, forming the foundation for logical inference.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. Conditional Propositions and Logical Distinctions<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Conditional propositions are divided into conjunctive (bit\u012bshiq) and disjunctive (munfa\u1e63il). The difference between necessary connections (e.g., \u201cIf the sun rises, it is day\u201d) and accidental ones is clarified. Disjunctive propositions like \u201ca number is either even or odd\u201d are analyzed using principles like the law of non-contradiction (man\u012b\u02bfat al-jam\u02bf wa-l-khul\u016b).<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Contradiction and Conversion Rules<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          Rules for identifying contradictories are outlined: a universal affirmative (A) contradicts a particular negative (O), and a universal negative (E) contradicts a particular affirmative (I). Conversion rules\u2014switching subject and predicate\u2014are also discussed in terms of validity.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. Syllogism and the Figure-Mode System<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            A syllogism derives a necessary conclusion from at least two premises. The seminar details the major term, minor term, and middle term. The first figure of syllogism (Barbara, Celarent, Darii, Ferio) is explained in full, with figures classified by the position of the middle term and modes (arb\u0101\u02bf) by the quantity and quality of propositions.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. Exceptive Syllogisms and Stoic Logic<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              In addition to traditional categorical syllogisms, the seminar introduces conditional and exceptive syllogisms, which are rooted in Stoic logic. These forms depend on conditional premises and specific exceptions leading to valid inferences.<\/p>\n

                              Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

                              This seminar systematically presents the core components of classical logic, from conceptual structures and definitions to propositional logic and syllogisms. E\u015fref Alta\u015f clarifies how these logical forms structure coherent thought and reasoning. It offers a thorough foundation for engaging with Is\u0101gh\u016bj\u012b and the broader tradition of Islamic logic.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                              E\u015eREF ALTA\u015e: EBHER\u0130, \u0130SAGUC\u0130 2. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130 Dersin Amac\u0131 ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5759","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5759","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5759"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5759\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5760,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5759\/revisions\/5760"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5759"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}