{"id":5761,"date":"2025-05-18T09:05:38","date_gmt":"2025-05-18T06:05:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/?page_id=5761"},"modified":"2025-05-18T09:05:38","modified_gmt":"2025-05-18T06:05:38","slug":"esref-altas-ebheri-isaguci-3-seminer-ozeti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/esref-altas-ebheri-isaguci-3-seminer-ozeti\/","title":{"rendered":"E\u015eREF ALTA\u015e: EBHER\u0130, \u0130SAGUC\u0130 3. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

E\u015eREF ALTA\u015e: EBHER\u0130, \u0130SAGUC\u0130 3. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dersin Amac\u0131 ve \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu seminer, Ebher\u00ee\u2019nin \u00ces\u00e2g\u00fbc\u00ee metni \u00fczerinden tasavvur ve tasdik teorilerinin ikinci k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131, yani tan\u0131m ve \u00f6nerme konular\u0131n\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ele al\u0131r. Ama\u00e7, kavramsal do\u011frulu\u011fu sa\u011flayan tan\u0131m ilkeleriyle mant\u0131ksal ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi belirleyen \u00f6nermelerin yap\u0131 ve t\u00fcrlerini sistematik olarak a\u00e7\u0131klamakt\u0131r. Tan\u0131mlar\u0131n do\u011fruluk-yalan de\u011fil, eksik-tam ayr\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerinden s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6nermelerin ise ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin temel yap\u0131ta\u015f\u0131 olarak \u201cdo\u011fru veya yanl\u0131\u015f\u201d h\u00fck\u00fcm i\u00e7erdi\u011fi g\u00f6sterilir.<\/p>\n

Ana Temalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Be\u015f T\u00fcmel ve Tan\u0131m \u0130lkeleri<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Seminer, tan\u0131m olu\u015fturman\u0131n ilkeleri olarak cins, t\u00fcr ve fas\u0131l\u0131n z\u00e2t\u00ee; h\u00e2ssa ve araz\u0131n ise araz\u00ee nitelikte oldu\u011funu vurgular. Z\u00e2t\u00ee unsurlar (cins, t\u00fcr, fas\u0131l) tan\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc kurarken; h\u00e2ssa (\u00f6r. \u201cg\u00fclen\u201d) sadece bir t\u00fcre \u00f6zg\u00fc ama z\u00e2ti olmayan; araz (\u00f6r. \u201csoluyan\u201d) ise bir\u00e7ok t\u00fcre y\u00fcklenebilen \u00f6zelliklerdir. Bu ayr\u0131mlar, tam ve eksik tan\u0131m yapabilmenin temelidir.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Tam ve Eksik Tan\u0131m, Betim<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Tam tan\u0131m yak\u0131n cins + yak\u0131n fas\u0131l formundad\u0131r (\u00f6r. \u201cinsan = d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen canl\u0131\u201d). Uzak cins\/fas\u0131l kullan\u0131m\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131 eksik hale getirir. H\u00e2ssa + cins kullan\u0131m\u0131 ise \u201ctam betim\u201d olur. Sadece ar\u0131z\u00ee nitelikler i\u00e7eren tan\u0131mlar ise eksik betim olarak de\u011ferlendirilir. Tan\u0131m\u0131n amac\u0131, kavram\u0131n mahiyetini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca do\u011fru yans\u0131tmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Tan\u0131m\u0131n Fonksiyonu: Kavram\u0131n A\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Tan\u0131m, bir h\u00fck\u00fcm de\u011fil a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 s\u00f6z (kavl-i \u015f\u00e2rih) olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u201c\u0130nsan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen canl\u0131d\u0131r\u201d \u00f6nermesi, insan kavram\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaya y\u00f6nelik bir kavl-i mufassald\u0131r ve par\u00e7alar\u0131n birle\u015fimiyle anlam kazan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Tasdik ve \u00d6nermeler<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Tasdik, do\u011fruluk veya yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131k y\u00fcklenebilecek yarg\u0131lard\u0131r. Y\u00fcklemli (\u00f6r. \u201cZeyd yaz\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r\u201d) ve \u015fartl\u0131 (\u00f6r. \u201cE\u011fer g\u00fcne\u015f do\u011farsa g\u00fcnd\u00fcz olur\u201d) olmak \u00fczere iki t\u00fcr \u00f6nerme tan\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6nermeler nicelik (t\u00fcmel\u2013tikel\u2013belirsiz) ve nitelik (olumlu\u2013olumsuz) a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u015eartl\u0131 \u00d6nermeler ve Ayr\u0131mlar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \u015eartl\u0131 \u00f6nermeler biti\u015fik (gereklilik ili\u015fkili) veya ayr\u0131k (alternatifli) olabilir. Ayr\u0131k \u00f6nermeler \u00fc\u00e7 tipe ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Mani\u2018at\u00fc\u2019l-cem ve\u2019l-hul\u00fb: ne birlikte varl\u0131klar\u0131 ne birlikte yokluklar\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr (\u00f6r. \u201csay\u0131 ya tektir ya \u00e7ifttir\u201d),<\/li>\n
            • Mani\u2018at\u00fc\u2019l-cem: birlikte olamazlar ama biri olabilir (\u00f6r. \u201cya ta\u015f ya a\u011fa\u00e7\u201d),<\/li>\n
            • Mani\u2018at\u00fc\u2019l-hul\u00fb: ikisi de yok olamaz (\u00f6r. \u201cya denizdedir ya bo\u011fulmaz\u201d).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                \n
              1. \u00c7eli\u015fki ve D\u00f6nd\u00fcrme Kurallar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                A\u2013O ve E\u2013I tipi \u00f6nermeler aras\u0131nda \u00e7eli\u015fki kurulabilir. \u00c7eli\u015fki i\u00e7in zaman, konu, izafet ve \u015fart birli\u011fi gerekir. Ayr\u0131ca \u00f6nermeler aras\u0131nda konu ve y\u00fcklemin yer de\u011fi\u015fimiyle (d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme) yeni \u00f6nermeler kurulabilir; ancak her \u00f6nerme d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclemez (\u00f6r. tikel olumsuzlar).<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. K\u0131yas ve \u015eekil\u2013Darb Sistemi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  K\u0131yas, iki \u00f6nc\u00fclden zorunlu bir sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131karan ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctmedir. Terimlere g\u00f6re \u015fekiller (1-4), nitelik\u2013niceli\u011fe g\u00f6re darb (modlar: Barbara, Celarent, Darii, Ferio) belirlenir. Stoac\u0131 mant\u0131ktan gelen istisnal\u0131 k\u0131yaslar da eklenir (\u00f6r. \u201cE\u011fer insan ise canl\u0131d\u0131r, ama o insand\u0131r, o halde canl\u0131d\u0131r\u201d).<\/p>\n

                  Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  Bu seminer, mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n tasavvur ve tasdik b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin birle\u015fti\u011fi noktay\u0131 g\u00f6stererek kavramsal do\u011frulu\u011fu tan\u0131mla, mant\u0131ksal ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi ise \u00f6nermeyle sa\u011flama yolunu sistemli bi\u00e7imde a\u00e7\u0131klar. Ebher\u00ee\u2019nin metni, mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n hem dilsel hem d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel yap\u0131s\u0131na dair g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir disiplin \u00f6nerisi sunar; Alta\u015f\u2019\u0131n anlat\u0131m\u0131, bu yap\u0131y\u0131 tarihsel ve kavramsal ba\u011flamlar\u0131yla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Seminar Purpose and Content<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  This seminar delves into the second phase of conceptualization (ta\u1e63awwur) and assent (ta\u1e63d\u012bq) theories based on Ath\u012br al-D\u012bn al-Abhar\u012b\u2019s Is\u0101gh\u016bj\u012b. The session focuses on the logic of definitions and propositions, exploring the criteria for accurate conceptual formation and valid logical judgment. Definitions are evaluated not by truth or falsehood but by completeness or deficiency, while propositions serve as the core structure for rational truth claims.<\/p>\n

                  Key Themes<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Five Predicables and the Principles of Definition<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    The seminar begins by revisiting the Five Predicables: genus, species, differentia (essential), property, and accident (non-essential). The essential elements\u2014genus, species, and differentia\u2014form the structure of a proper definition. Properties (e.g., \u201claughing\u201d for humans) are unique but non-essential, while accidents (e.g., \u201cbreathing\u201d) may apply to many species. These distinctions are fundamental to forming complete or partial definitions.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Complete, Incomplete, and Descriptive Definitions<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      A complete definition consists of a proximate genus and differentia (e.g., \u201cHuman = rational animal\u201d). Using a remote genus or differentia results in an incomplete definition. Definitions using a property and genus form \u201ccomplete descriptions,\u201d while those using only accidents become \u201cincomplete descriptions.\u201d The goal is to express a concept\u2019s essence as precisely as possible.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. The Function of Definition: Clarification, Not Judgment<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Definitions are explanatory statements (qawl sh\u0101ri\u1e25), not assertions. For example, \u201cA human is a rational animal\u201d is not a proposition but an explanatory phrase that unpacks the meaning of the term by combining known elements.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Assent and the Nature of Propositions<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          Assent involves statements that can be true or false. Propositions are categorized as either categorical (e.g., \u201cZayd is a writer\u201d) or conditional (e.g., \u201cIf the sun rises, it is day\u201d). Each can be further classified by quantity (universal, particular, indefinite) and quality (affirmative, negative).<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. Conditional Propositions and Their Distinctions<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            Conditional propositions are either conjunctive (where one clause implies another) or disjunctive (offering alternatives). Disjunctive propositions are further divided into:<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • Mutual exclusivity and exhaustiveness (e.g., \u201cA number is either even or odd\u201d),<\/li>\n
                            • Mutual exclusivity only (e.g., \u201cIt is either a rock or a tree\u201d),<\/li>\n
                            • Mutual exhaustiveness only (e.g., \u201cIt is either in the sea or not drowning\u201d).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                \n
                              1. Contradictions and Conversion Rules<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                Propositional pairs such as A\u2013O and E\u2013I (in classical logic) are examples of contradictories. Contradictions are only valid when propositions share the same time, subject, relation, and condition. Conversion involves switching subject and predicate, but not all propositions can be validly converted (e.g., particular negatives).<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. Syllogism and the Figure\u2013Mode System<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  Syllogism is introduced as reasoning that derives a necessary conclusion from two premises. Figures are determined by the position of the middle term; modes (arb\u0101\u02bf) are defined by the quality and quantity of premises. The first figure includes Barbara, Celarent, Darii, and Ferio. Conditional and exceptive syllogisms rooted in Stoic logic are also discussed (e.g., \u201cIf he is human, he is alive; he is human; therefore, he is alive\u201d).<\/p>\n

                                  Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  This seminar synthesizes the foundational elements of conceptual and judgmental logic. Through a detailed explanation of definition structures and propositional logic, Alta\u015f demonstrates how Is\u0101gh\u016bj\u012b provides a systematic guide for precise thinking. Abhar\u012b\u2019s text, as interpreted here, lays out a robust framework for both linguistic clarity and deductive rigor within the Islamic logical tradition.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                  E\u015eREF ALTA\u015e: EBHER\u0130, \u0130SAGUC\u0130 3. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130 Dersin Amac\u0131 ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5761","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5761","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5761"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5761\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5762,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5761\/revisions\/5762"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5761"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}