{"id":5834,"date":"2025-05-18T10:30:31","date_gmt":"2025-05-18T07:30:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/?page_id=5834"},"modified":"2025-05-18T10:30:31","modified_gmt":"2025-05-18T07:30:31","slug":"esref-altas-razi-okumalari-muhassal-18-seminer-ozeti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/esref-altas-razi-okumalari-muhassal-18-seminer-ozeti\/","title":{"rendered":"E\u015eREF ALTA\u015e, R\u00c2Z\u0130 OKUMALARI: MUHASSAL 18. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

E\u015eREF ALTA\u015e, R\u00c2Z\u0130 OKUMALARI: MUHASSAL 18. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dersin Amac\u0131 ve \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu seminer, klasik kel\u00e2m d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde e\u015far\u00ee ve mutezile geleneklerinin tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ch\u00e2l\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 sistematik bi\u00e7imde analiz eder. R\u00e2z\u00ee, \u201cmevc\u00fbd\u201d (var olan) ve \u201cma\u2019d\u00fbm\u201d (yok olan) d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir durumun olup olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve bu ba\u011flamda h\u00e2l teorisini ele al\u0131r. Seminerin amac\u0131, y\u00fcklemlemeyi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan kavramsal bir alan olarak h\u00e2lin anlam\u0131n\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131, i\u015flevini ve mant\u0131ksal sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmektir.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. H\u00e2l Nedir? Var ve Yok Aras\u0131nda Bir Konum mu?<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    H\u00e2l, varl\u0131k ve yoklukla nitelendirilemeyen ama mevcut bir \u015feyin s\u0131fat\u0131 olan bir anlam katman\u0131d\u0131r. R\u00e2z\u00ee\u2019ye g\u00f6re var ile yok aras\u0131nda ara bir durum yoktur; buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Bak\u0131ll\u00e2n\u00ee, C\u00fcveyn\u00ee ve Ebu H\u00e2\u015fim el-C\u00fcbb\u00e2\u00ee gibi kel\u00e2mc\u0131lar h\u00e2li bu t\u00fcr bir ara varl\u0131k durumu olarak savunurlar. Bu tan\u0131mda h\u00e2l ne var, ne yoktur; fakat bir mevcutta bulunur.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. H\u00e2lin Ontolojik ve Mant\u0131ksal Stat\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      R\u00e2z\u00ee, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc halin imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesine ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak h\u00e2li reddeder. Ona g\u00f6re bir \u015fey ya vard\u0131r ya yoktur. H\u00e2l kavram\u0131, bu ilkeye ayk\u0131r\u0131 \u015fekilde ne var ne yok kategorisine sokuldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ontolojik olarak temellendirilemez. Ancak R\u00e2z\u00ee, h\u00e2li savunanlar\u0131n delillerini nesnel bi\u00e7imde aktar\u0131r ve cevapland\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. H\u00e2lin Delilleri ve Tesels\u00fcl Sorunu<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        H\u00e2li savunanlara g\u00f6re t\u00fcrsel mahiyetler ortak anlamlara sahiptir ve bu ortakl\u0131k bir h\u00e2l \u00fczerinden a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. R\u00e2z\u00ee, bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc tesels\u00fcl (sonsuz gerileme) problemi \u00fczerinden ele\u015ftirir. H\u00e2lin h\u00e2li olamayaca\u011f\u0131 kabul\u00fcyle bu problemin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmek istense de R\u00e2z\u00ee, h\u00e2l g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn tutarl\u0131 bir mant\u0131ksal zemin \u00fcretmedi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. T\u00fcmeller, Zihni Varl\u0131k ve Y\u00fcklemleme Meselesi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Seminerde h\u00e2l, Aristocu t\u00fcmeller tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilir. C\u00fcveyn\u00ee ve di\u011fer kel\u00e2mc\u0131lar, y\u00fcklemin \u00f6zneyle tamamen \u00f6zde\u015f olmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in h\u00e2l kavram\u0131n\u0131 devreye sokarlar. R\u00e2z\u00ee, h\u00e2l ile felsef\u00ee t\u00fcmel anlay\u0131\u015f aras\u0131nda yap\u0131sal paralellik kurar ancak her iki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc de akl\u00ee ilkeler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u0131nar.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. H\u00e2lin T\u00fcrleri ve \u0130lletli\u2013\u0130lletsiz Ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            R\u00e2z\u00ee\u2019ye g\u00f6re haller ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r: bir sebebe (illete) dayananlar ve dayanmayanlar. Mesela \u201calimlik\u201d bir ilim s\u0131fat\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 h\u00e2l iken, \u201ccevherlik\u201d veya \u201crenklik\u201d do\u011frudan mahiyetten gelen ve illetsiz olan h\u00e2ldir. Bu ayr\u0131m, h\u00e2llerin Tanr\u0131 tasavvuruna nas\u0131l entegre edilece\u011fini de belirler.<\/p>\n

            Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

            Bu seminer, h\u00e2l kavram\u0131n\u0131n kel\u00e2m\u00ee ontoloji ve epistemolojideki yerini sorgularken, R\u00e2z\u00ee\u2019nin ele\u015ftirel y\u00f6ntemini de g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serer. T\u00fcmeller, y\u00fcklemleme ve varl\u0131k-yokluk ayr\u0131m\u0131 ekseninde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen tart\u0131\u015fma, \u0130slam d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin metafizik hassasiyetlerini yans\u0131t\u0131r.<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            Purpose and Content of the Seminar<\/strong><\/p>\n

            This seminar examines the theological and logical underpinnings of the concept of \u1e25\u0101l in classical Islamic theology, particularly as debated between the Ash\u02bfarite and Mu\u02bftazilite schools. Fakhr al-D\u012bn al-R\u0101z\u012b investigates whether there exists a third ontological category between existence (wuj\u016bd) and nonexistence (\u02bfadam), focusing on the role of \u1e25\u0101l as a conceptual tool for predicate attribution. The aim is to assess the function, limits, and coherence of \u1e25\u0101l as a theoretical solution to problems of attribution and essence.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. What Is <\/strong>\u1e24<\/strong>\u0101l? A State Between Being and Non-Being?<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              \u1e24\u0101l is defined as a non-existent-yet-not-entirely-nonexistent condition that characterizes existent things without itself being fully real. While R\u0101z\u012b maintains that nothing can exist between being and non-being, figures like al-B\u0101qill\u0101n\u012b, al-Juwayn\u012b, and Ab\u016b H\u0101shim al-Jubb\u0101\u02be\u012b argue that \u1e25\u0101l constitutes an intermediate ontological state necessary to explain attributes without affirming multiplicity in divine essence.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. The Ontological and Logical Status of <\/strong>\u1e24<\/strong>\u0101l<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                R\u0101z\u012b rejects \u1e25\u0101l based on the principle of the impossibility of a \u201cthird state.\u201d To him, a thing either exists or it does not; allowing a third state undermines ontological clarity. Nonetheless, R\u0101z\u012b presents the arguments of those who affirm \u1e25\u0101l objectively and then responds to them within a consistent metaphysical framework.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Arguments for <\/strong>\u1e24<\/strong>\u0101l and the Problem of Infinite Regress<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Proponents argue that shared essences (e.g., humanity) require \u1e25\u0101l to explain their commonality. R\u0101z\u012b counters that this leads to an infinite regress unless a limit is imposed\u2014e.g., \u1e25\u0101l itself must not require another \u1e25\u0101l. However, R\u0101z\u012b concludes that this strategy does not offer a sustainable logical foundation.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Universals, Mental Existence, and Predication<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    The seminar links \u1e25\u0101l to the Aristotelian problem of universals. Theologians such as al-Juwayn\u012b employed \u1e25\u0101l to preserve the distinction between subject and predicate without affirming real multiplicity. R\u0101z\u012b acknowledges the structural similarity between \u1e25\u0101l and philosophical universals but ultimately questions their epistemic validity.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Types of <\/strong>\u1e24<\/strong>\u0101l and the Distinction Between Caused and Uncaused<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      R\u0101z\u012b distinguishes between \u1e25\u0101l types: those dependent on causes (e.g., knowledge arising from an attribute) and those intrinsic to essence (e.g., being a substance or colored). This differentiation also bears on theology, particularly in explaining divine attributes without positing additional eternal entities.<\/p>\n

                      Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      This seminar presents a critical and balanced analysis of the theory of \u1e25\u0101l, illuminating its significance in the development of Islamic metaphysics and theology. R\u0101z\u012b\u2019s approach, grounded in logical consistency, challenges the necessity and coherence of \u1e25\u0101l, while engaging seriously with the attempts of earlier theologians to solve complex problems of predication, essence, and divine unity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                      E\u015eREF ALTA\u015e, R\u00c2Z\u0130 OKUMALARI: MUHASSAL 18. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130 Dersin Amac\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5834","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5834","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5834"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5834\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5835,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5834\/revisions\/5835"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5834"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}