{"id":5912,"date":"2025-05-20T17:53:57","date_gmt":"2025-05-20T14:53:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/?page_id=5912"},"modified":"2025-05-20T17:53:57","modified_gmt":"2025-05-20T14:53:57","slug":"esref-altas-razi-okumalari-muhassal-35-seminer-ozeti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/esref-altas-razi-okumalari-muhassal-35-seminer-ozeti\/","title":{"rendered":"E\u015eREF ALTA\u015e, R\u00c2Z\u0130 OKUMALARI: MUHASSAL 35. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

E\u015eREF ALTA\u015e, R\u00c2Z\u0130 OKUMALARI: MUHASSAL 35. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Dersin Amac\u0131 ve \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi<\/strong>
    \nBu 35. seminer, E\u015fref Alta\u015f\u2019\u0131n Fahreddin er-R\u00e2z\u00ee\u2019nin el-Mu<\/em>\u1e25a\u1e63\u1e63al<\/em> adl\u0131 eserine dair yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 okumalar\u0131n metafizik b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinden birini te\u015fkil eder. Seminerin temel konusu, \u00e2lemin bir faili oldu\u011funa dair delillerden hareketle bu failin \u201czorunlu varl\u0131k\u201d (v\u00e2cibu\u2019l-v\u00fcc\u00fbd<\/em>) oldu\u011funu ispat etmektir. \u00d6nceki derslerde cisimlerin ve arazlar\u0131n imkan ve hud\u00fbsu \u00fczerinden ula\u015f\u0131lan failin son ve nihai yarat\u0131c\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 meselesi a\u00e7\u0131k b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015fken, bu seminerde art\u0131k bu failin zorunlu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorgulanmaktad\u0131r. R\u00e2z\u00ee, devr (k\u0131s\u0131r d\u00f6ng\u00fc) ve tesels\u00fcl (sonsuz zincir) problemlerini ele alarak zorunlu varl\u0131k delilini sistemli bi\u00e7imde temellendirir.<\/li>\n
  2. Ana Temalar ve Ba\u015fl\u0131klar<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      \n
    1. Zorunlu Varl\u0131k Delilinin Kurulumu<\/strong>
      \nR\u00e2z\u00ee, \u00f6nceki delillerle ula\u015f\u0131lan failin zorunlu varl\u0131k olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorgular. E\u011fer m\u00fcmk\u00fcn bir varl\u0131ksa onun da bir illete ihtiyac\u0131 olacakt\u0131r; bu da ya devri, ya tesels\u00fcl\u00fc ya da nihayetinde zorunlu varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerektirir. B\u00f6ylece \u00f6nce imk\u00e2n delilinin eksik b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131 tamamlar.<\/li>\n
    2. Devrin (K\u0131s\u0131r D\u00f6ng\u00fc) \u0130ptali<\/strong>
      \nDevrin mant\u0131ksal \u00e7eli\u015fki do\u011furdu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle imk\u00e2ns\u0131z oldu\u011fu g\u00f6sterilir. Bir varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hem kendinden sonra gelip hem de kendisinden \u00f6nce geleni do\u011furmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelen bu yap\u0131, \u00f6ncelik kavram\u0131 \u00fczerinden \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenir ve \u00e7eli\u015fkiyi if\u015fa eder.<\/li>\n
    3. Tesels\u00fcl\u00fcn (Sonsuz Zincirin) \u0130mk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>
      \nM\u00fcmk\u00fcn varl\u0131klar\u0131n sonsuzca birbirine dayanmas\u0131 durumunun aklen ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu ifade edilir. R\u00e2z\u00ee, m\u00fcmk\u00fcnlerin toplam\u0131n\u0131n da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla toplam\u0131n da bir illete ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011funu savunur ve nihai olarak bu zincirin zorunlu bir varl\u0131kta sona ermesi gerekti\u011fini belirtir.<\/li>\n
    4. \u00d6ncelik, Nedensellik ve \u0130htiya\u00e7 Kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n Analizi<\/strong>
      \nSeminerde \u00f6zellikle \u201c\u00f6nce gelmek\u201d anlam\u0131ndaki tekadd\u00fcm kavram\u0131 detayl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Zaman bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, zat bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ve \u015feref bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nce gelmenin ne ifade etti\u011fi incelenir. R\u00e2z\u00ee, bu kavramlar\u0131n devri ispatta yetersiz ya da mu\u011flak oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stererek, ihtiya\u00e7 (iftik\u00e2r) kavram\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.<\/li>\n
    5. Hey\u2019et-i \u0130\u00e7tim\u00e2iyye ve Terkip Hatas\u0131 Ele\u015ftirisi<\/strong>
      \nR\u00e2z\u00ee, alemin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn fertlerinden olu\u015ftu\u011funu ve bu fertlerin toplam\u0131n\u0131n da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu savunur. Russell\u2019\u0131n \u201cterkip hatas\u0131\u201d \u015feklindeki modern ele\u015ftirisiyle y\u00fczle\u015ferek, par\u00e7alar\u0131n h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcne ta\u015f\u0131namayaca\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 reddeder.<\/li>\n
    6. M\u00fcmk\u00fcnlerin D\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan Bir \u0130lk \u0130lkenin Gereklili\u011fi<\/strong>
      \nSon olarak R\u00e2z\u00ee, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn varl\u0131klar\u0131n kendi aralar\u0131nda devrederek ya da tesels\u00fcl yoluyla bir a\u00e7\u0131klamaya ula\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131; bu nedenle m\u00fcmk\u00fcnler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan bir zorunlu varl\u0131k gerektirdi\u011fini ifade eder.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
        \n
      1. Sonu\u00e7<\/strong>
        \nBu seminer, \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n zorunlu varl\u0131k olarak ispat\u0131na dair en kapsaml\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalardan birini sunar. R\u00e2z\u00ee\u2019nin analitik y\u00f6ntemiyle devr ve tesels\u00fcl\u00fcn ele\u015ftirisi; \u00f6ncelik, illet\u2013ma\u2018l\u00fbl ve ihtiya\u00e7 gibi kavramlar\u0131n ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla metafizik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin merkez meselelerinden biri olan vacibu\u2019l-v\u00fcc\u00fbd<\/em> kavram\u0131 sistemli bi\u00e7imde temellendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

         <\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Purpose and Content of the Seminar<\/strong>
          \nThis 35th seminar in E\u015fref Alta\u015f\u2019s reading series on Fakhr al-D\u012bn al-R\u0101z\u012b\u2019s al-Mu<\/em>\u1e25a\u1e63\u1e63al<\/em> focuses on one of the central metaphysical debates in Islamic philosophy: the proof for the existence of a Necessary Being (w\u0101jib al-wuj\u016bd<\/em>). Building on prior discussions that established the existence of a creator based on the temporality (\u1e25ud\u016bth<\/em>) and contingency (imk\u0101n<\/em>) of bodies and accidents, this seminar advances the argument by questioning whether this cause must itself be necessary or contingent. Through detailed analysis of circularity (dawr<\/em>) and infinite regress (tasalsul<\/em>), R\u0101z\u012b constructs a rational proof demonstrating the necessity of a being that is uncaused and metaphysically independent.<\/li>\n
        2. Main Themes and Headings<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
            \n
          1. Establishing the Proof for a Necessary Being<\/strong>
            \nR\u0101z\u012b begins by assessing whether the previously posited cause of the world is itself contingent. If so, it too would require a cause\u2014leading either to a vicious circle, an infinite regress, or ultimately to a necessary being. Thus, he supplements the earlier contingency argument with a deeper ontological conclusion.<\/li>\n
          2. Refutation of Circular Causality (Dawr)<\/strong>
            \nCircular causation is rejected on logical grounds: a being cannot be both a cause and an effect in the same sequence. R\u0101z\u012b dissects the concept of \u201cprecedence\u201d (taqaddum<\/em>) to show that a cause must logically precede its effect, making circularity inherently contradictory.<\/li>\n
          3. Impossibility of Infinite Regress (Tasalsul)<\/strong>
            \nR\u0101z\u012b argues that an infinite chain of contingent causes is also untenable. The sum of all contingent beings is itself contingent and therefore must have an external cause. This necessitates the existence of a first, uncaused, necessary being.<\/li>\n
          4. Analysis of Priority, Causality, and Dependence<\/strong>
            \nThe seminar explores various types of precedence\u2014temporal, essential, and dignified\u2014and concludes that these are insufficient in proving causality. Instead, the key concept is ontological dependence (iftiq\u0101r<\/em>), which requires that a contingent being be grounded in something beyond itself.<\/li>\n
          5. The Aggregate Fallacy and Its Rebuttal<\/strong>
            \nR\u0101z\u012b addresses the objection that properties of individual parts cannot be attributed to the whole (known in modern philosophy as the fallacy of composition). He rejects this critique by asserting that if all constituents are contingent, then the aggregate must also be contingent.<\/li>\n
          6. Necessity of a First Principle Beyond Contingents<\/strong>
            \nUltimately, R\u0101z\u012b asserts that no combination of contingent beings can account for their own existence. Therefore, something outside the realm of contingency\u2014namely, a Necessary Being\u2014is required to ground the existence of everything else.<\/li>\n
          7. Conclusion<\/strong>
            \nThis seminar presents one of the most rigorous classical proofs for the existence of God as a Necessary Being. Through R\u0101z\u012b\u2019s analytical method, concepts such as causality, dependence, circularity, and infinite regress are examined in depth. The seminar culminates in the systematic articulation of w\u0101jib al-wuj\u016bd<\/em> as the metaphysical foundation upon which all contingent existence relies.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            E\u015eREF ALTA\u015e, R\u00c2Z\u0130 OKUMALARI: MUHASSAL 35. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130 Dersin Amac\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5912","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5912","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5912"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5912\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5913,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5912\/revisions\/5913"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5912"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}