{"id":5957,"date":"2025-05-21T14:05:39","date_gmt":"2025-05-21T11:05:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/?page_id=5957"},"modified":"2025-05-21T14:05:39","modified_gmt":"2025-05-21T11:05:39","slug":"mehmet-ozturan-ebheri-isaguci-2-seminer-ozeti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/mehmet-ozturan-ebheri-isaguci-2-seminer-ozeti\/","title":{"rendered":"MEHMET \u00d6ZTURAN: EBHER\u0130, \u0130SAGUC\u0130 2. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

MEHMET \u00d6ZTURAN: EBHER\u0130, \u0130SAGUC\u0130 2. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dersin Amac\u0131 ve \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu seminer, mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n temel i\u015flevlerinden biri olan \u201ctan\u0131m\u201d meselesini merkez alarak, kavramlar\u0131n zihindeki varl\u0131k bi\u00e7imlerini, bilgi t\u00fcrlerini ve k\u0131yas mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 hedefler. Mehmet \u00d6zturan, klasik mant\u0131kta bilginin kavramsal (tasavvur) ve yarg\u0131sal (tasdik) d\u00fczeylerini ay\u0131rt ederek, bilgiye ula\u015fmada gerek\u00e7elendirmenin rol\u00fcn\u00fc felsefi ve kelam\u00ee tart\u0131\u015fmalarla birlikte ele al\u0131r. Seminerde k\u0131yas\u0131n yap\u0131sal temelleriyle birlikte dil-fikir ili\u015fkisi ve t\u00fcmel-tikel kavram ayr\u0131m\u0131 da klasik mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n epistemolojik \u00e7er\u00e7evesi i\u00e7inde incelenir.<\/p>\n

Ana Temalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Tasavvur ve Tasdik Ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Zihinde olu\u015fan bilginin ya bir kavram (\u00f6rne\u011fin \u201c\u00fc\u00e7gen\u201d) ya da yarg\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin \u201c\u00fc\u00e7genin i\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 toplam\u0131 180\u00b0\u2019dir\u201d) d\u00fczeyinde oldu\u011fu belirtilir. Bu ayr\u0131m, bilginin do\u011fruluk-yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131k de\u011ferine sahip olup olmamas\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen temel \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctt\u00fcr. Kavramlar bilgiye zemin haz\u0131rlar; yarg\u0131lar ise gerek\u00e7elendirme ile ge\u00e7erlilik kazan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Bilginin Gerek\u00e7elendirilmesi ve K\u0131yas<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Bir iddian\u0131n do\u011fru olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamak, kar\u015f\u0131 taraftan \u201cneden?\u201d sorusuyla gerek\u00e7e istemeyi zorunlu k\u0131lar. Bu ba\u011flamda klasik mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u0131yas teorisi, iki \u00f6nc\u00fclden bir sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kartma y\u00f6ntemini, ge\u00e7erli formlar \u00fczerinden a\u00e7\u0131klar. Do\u011fru bilgiye ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in k\u0131yas\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131, ge\u00e7erlilik ilkesiyle i\u015fler.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve Dil \u0130li\u015fkisi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Zihindeki bilgilerin payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ancak dil arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Dil ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce aras\u0131nda zorunlu bir ili\u015fki bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kelimelerin anlamlara \u201catand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ifade edilir. Bu atama s\u00fcreci klasik mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n anlam-anlat\u0131m ili\u015fkisini kurma bi\u00e7imidir.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. T\u00fcmel ve Tikel Kavramlar<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          T\u00fcmel kavramlar birden fazla \u015feye y\u00fcklenebilen kavramlard\u0131r (\u00f6rne\u011fin \u201cinsan\u201d), tikel kavramlar ise yaln\u0131zca bir bireyi ifade eder (\u00f6rne\u011fin \u201cAy\u015fe\u201d). Kavramlar\u0131n bu ayr\u0131m\u0131, tan\u0131m yaparken kullan\u0131lacak olan cins, fas\u0131l, t\u00fcr, genel ve \u00f6zg\u00fc nitelik gibi be\u015f t\u00fcmel yap\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde esast\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Zat\u00ee ve Arazi K\u00fcll\u00eeler<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Zat\u00ee k\u00fcll\u00eeler, bir nesnenin mahiyetini kuran (\u00f6rne\u011fin \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek\u201d \u2013 insan\u0131n fas\u0131l\u0131) kavramlard\u0131r. Arazi k\u00fcll\u00eeler ise mahiyetten sonra ona eklenen niteliklerdir. Bunlar genel nitelik (\u00f6rne\u011fin \u201csolunum yapmak\u201d) ve \u00f6zg\u00fc nitelik (\u00f6rne\u011fin \u201cg\u00fclmek\u201d) olarak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Tan\u0131m Teorisi ve Be\u015f T\u00fcmel<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Tam tan\u0131m, \u201cyak\u0131n cins + yak\u0131n fas\u0131l\u201d \u015feklinde yap\u0131l\u0131r. Eksik tan\u0131mda uzak cins ya da \u00f6zg\u00fc nitelikler kullan\u0131labilir. T\u00fcm bu yap\u0131lar, tan\u0131m ile tan\u0131mlanan\u0131n denk (efr\u00e2d\u0131n\u0131 c\u00e2mi, a\u011fy\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131 m\u00e2ni) olmas\u0131 ilkesine dayan\u0131r. Klasik mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n tan\u0131m anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, nesne-kavram e\u015fle\u015fmesini do\u011fru kurma \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n teorik zeminidir.<\/p>\n

              Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

              Bu seminer, klasik mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n bilgi \u00fcretme bi\u00e7imini k\u0131yas ve tan\u0131m teorisi \u00fczerinden ele alarak, kavramlar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin nas\u0131l d\u00fczenlenece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klar. Kavram, tan\u0131m, k\u0131yas ve dil gibi temel yap\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi, hem mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n kurucu ilkelerini hem de felsefi tart\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imlerini ortaya koyar. Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n yaln\u0131zca bir ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme arac\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda anlam in\u015fa eden bir sistem oldu\u011fu netlik kazan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Purpose and Content of the Seminar<\/strong><\/p>\n

              This seminar focuses on one of the foundational functions of logic: the concept of definition. Mehmet \u00d6zturan explores how concepts exist in the mind, how knowledge is formed, and how syllogistic reasoning operates within the classical logical tradition. The discussion differentiates between conceptual (ta\u1e63awwur) and judgmental (ta\u1e63d\u012bq) knowledge, and examines the role of justification in acquiring certainty. The seminar also delves into the structure of syllogism, the relationship between language and thought, and the distinction between universal and particular concepts within an epistemological framework.<\/p>\n

              Key Themes<\/strong><\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Distinction Between Conceptualization and Assent<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Knowledge in the mind takes two forms: concept (e.g., \u201ctriangle\u201d) or judgment (e.g., \u201cthe sum of a triangle\u2019s angles is 180\u00b0\u201d). The difference lies in whether the content can be true or false. Concepts provide a foundation for thought, while judgments require reasoning to establish validity.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Justification and the Structure of Syllogism<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  To assess a claim\u2019s truth, one must ask \u201cwhy?\u201d\u2014requiring a reason or justification. Classical logic meets this need through syllogism, which draws a conclusion from two premises. The syllogistic method is governed by rules that ensure valid and necessary inference.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. The Relationship Between Language and Thought<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    The seminar emphasizes that while knowledge originates in the mind, its communication depends on language. There is no intrinsic connection between words and meanings; rather, terms are assigned to meanings. This assignment forms the basis for classical logical discussions of signification.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Universal and Particular Concepts<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      Universal concepts can apply to many instances (e.g., \u201chuman\u201d), while particular concepts refer to a single individual (e.g., \u201c\u02bf\u0100\u02beisha\u201d). This distinction is essential in logical classification and definition, especially when identifying genus, species, differentia, and attributes.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. Essential and Accidental Universals<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Essential universals form the core of a thing\u2019s essence (e.g., \u201crationality\u201d as the differentia of \u201chuman\u201d). Accidental universals are not essential but still descriptive, and divide into common attributes (e.g., \u201cbreathing\u201d) and exclusive attributes (e.g., \u201claughing\u201d for humans).<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Theory of Definition and the Five Predicables<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          A complete definition combines a proximate genus with a specific differentia. Incomplete definitions may use a remote genus or exclusive properties. All definitions aim for equivalence between the defined and the definition\u2014covering all members, excluding all non-members. This forms the classical ideal of j\u0101mi\u02bf m\u0101ni\u02bf (comprehensive and exclusive) definition.<\/p>\n

                          Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          This seminar presents a comprehensive account of how classical logic structures knowledge through definition and syllogism. By clarifying the relationships between concepts, language, and inference, it shows that logic is not merely a tool for reasoning but a systematic method for constructing meaning. The seminar highlights the foundational role of logic in shaping philosophical discourse and intellectual clarity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                          MEHMET \u00d6ZTURAN: EBHER\u0130, \u0130SAGUC\u0130 2. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130 Dersin Amac\u0131 ve \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi Bu seminer, mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n temel i\u015flevlerinden biri olan \u201ctan\u0131m\u201d meselesini merkez alarak, kavramlar\u0131n zihindeki varl\u0131k bi\u00e7imlerini, bilgi t\u00fcrlerini ve k\u0131yas mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 hedefler. Mehmet \u00d6zturan, klasik mant\u0131kta bilginin kavramsal (tasavvur) ve yarg\u0131sal (tasdik) d\u00fczeylerini ay\u0131rt ederek, bilgiye ula\u015fmada gerek\u00e7elendirmenin rol\u00fcn\u00fc felsefi ve kelam\u00ee tart\u0131\u015fmalarla birlikte […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5957","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5957","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5957"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5957\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5958,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5957\/revisions\/5958"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5957"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}