{"id":5959,"date":"2025-05-21T14:06:19","date_gmt":"2025-05-21T11:06:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/?page_id=5959"},"modified":"2025-05-21T14:06:19","modified_gmt":"2025-05-21T11:06:19","slug":"mehmet-ozturan-ebheri-isaguci-3-seminer-ozeti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/mehmet-ozturan-ebheri-isaguci-3-seminer-ozeti\/","title":{"rendered":"MEHMET \u00d6ZTURAN: EBHER\u0130, \u0130SAGUC\u0130 3. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

MEHMET \u00d6ZTURAN: EBHER\u0130, \u0130SAGUC\u0130 3. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dersin Amac\u0131 ve \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu seminer, \u0130s\u00e2g\u00fbc\u00ee derslerinin son halkas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur ve mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n ikinci temel d\u00fczeyi olan tasdik bilgisi ile k\u0131yas teorisine giri\u015f yap\u0131l\u0131r. Mehmet \u00d6zturan, \u00f6nceki derslerde ele al\u0131nan kavramsal bilgi (tasavvur) ve tan\u0131m teorisini \u00f6zetleyerek; bu derste \u00f6nermenin (kaziye) mahiyetini, s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u0131yas\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sistemli bi\u00e7imde a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar. Seminer, hem klasik mant\u0131k gelene\u011findeki formel \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m ilkelerini hem de modern anlamda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce-dil ili\u015fkisini merkeze al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ana Temalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Tasdik Bilgisi ve Yarg\u0131n\u0131n Tan\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Tasdik, bir nesne hakk\u0131nda do\u011fru-yanl\u0131\u015f k\u0131ymeti ta\u015f\u0131yan yarg\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zturan, \u00f6nerme (kaziye) kavram\u0131n\u0131 \u201cdo\u011fru ya da yanl\u0131\u015f olabilme ihtimali ta\u015f\u0131yan anlaml\u0131 s\u00f6z\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlar. \u201cKap\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r\u201d gibi yarg\u0131lar ile \u201ckap\u0131\u201d gibi eksik ifadeler aras\u0131ndaki fark a\u00e7\u0131klanarak, tamamlanm\u0131\u015f s\u00f6z \u00f6beklerinin mant\u0131ksal \u00f6nermeye nas\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anlat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u00d6nermelerin T\u00fcrleri<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u00d6nermeler \u00fc\u00e7 temel a\u00e7\u0131dan s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Yarg\u0131 niteli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/em>: Olumlu ve olumsuz.<\/li>\n
      • Y\u00fcklem yap\u0131s\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/em>: Kategorik (A-B’dir) ve \u015fartl\u0131 (A ise B’dir).<\/li>\n
      • Kapsam (konu) a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/em>: Tekil (\u015fahsiye), t\u00fcmel (m\u00fcsevvera) ve niceleyicisi belirtilmemi\u015f (m\u00fchmele) \u00f6nermeler.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
          \n
        1. K\u0131yas Teorisi ve Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          K\u0131yas, iki \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fcn do\u011fru kabul\u00fcyle \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir h\u00fckm\u00fc zorunlu olarak ortaya koyan mant\u0131ksal yap\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ktir\u00e2n\u00ee (bit\u015fik) ve istisn\u00e2\u00ee (\u015fartl\u0131) k\u0131yas ayr\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. K\u0131yas\u0131n ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi, orta terimin do\u011fru yerle\u015fimi ve \u00f6nc\u00fcllerin t\u00fcmellik\/olumluluk niteliklerine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7i\u00e7ekler sevimlidir. Papatyalar \u00e7i\u00e7ektir. O halde papatyalar sevimlidir.\u201d \u00f6rne\u011fiyle birinci \u015fekil a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. K\u0131yas\u0131n \u015eekilleri ve Ge\u00e7erlilik \u015eartlar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            K\u0131yaslar, orta terimin pozisyonuna g\u00f6re d\u00f6rt \u015fekle ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Birinci \u015fekil en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yap\u0131d\u0131r ve ge\u00e7erlilik \u015fart\u0131 \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6nc\u00fcl olumlu, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nc\u00fcl t\u00fcmel\u201d ilkesidir. K\u0131yaslarda terimler (b\u00fcy\u00fck, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, orta), \u015fekil ve mod kavramlar\u0131 tan\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Be\u015f Sanat ve Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n Pratik Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Seminerin sonunda \u0130s\u00e2g\u00fbc\u00ee\u2019nin \u201cbe\u015f sanat\u201d b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6zetlenir: Burh\u00e2n (kesin bilgi), cedel (tart\u0131\u015fma), hitabet, safsata ve \u015fiir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmler, k\u0131yas bi\u00e7imlerinin epistemolojik stat\u00fcs\u00fcne g\u00f6re nas\u0131l bilgi \u00fcretti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. \u00d6zellikle burh\u00e2n\u00ee k\u0131yas, do\u011frulu\u011fu kesin olan \u00f6nc\u00fcllerden zorunlu sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131karan yap\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

              Bu seminer, kavramsal bilginin ard\u0131ndan yarg\u0131sal bilgiye ge\u00e7i\u015fi sa\u011flayarak mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n esas \u00e7\u0131karsama mekanizmas\u0131 olan k\u0131yas\u0131n formel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar. Yarg\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131, \u00f6nermelerin ayr\u0131m\u0131, k\u0131yas\u0131n \u015fekil ve modlar\u0131yla birlikte sistemli bi\u00e7imde sunulmu\u015f; klasik mant\u0131k gelene\u011finin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme disiplini ve formel analiz g\u00fcc\u00fc ortaya konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Purpose and Content of the Seminar<\/strong><\/p>\n

              This seminar concludes the Is\u0101gh\u016bj\u012b lecture series and introduces the second fundamental domain of logic: assent (ta\u1e63d\u012bq) and the theory of syllogism. Mehmet \u00d6zturan recaps the conceptual knowledge (ta\u1e63awwur) and definition theory discussed in earlier sessions, then systematically explains the nature of propositions (qa\u1e0d\u012byya), their classifications, and the structure of logical inference (qiy\u0101s). The seminar focuses on both the formal rules of classical logic and the broader cognitive relationship between thought and language.<\/p>\n

              Key Themes<\/strong><\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Assent and the Definition of Judgment<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Assent refers to a mental judgment that carries a truth value (true or false). \u00d6zturan defines a proposition as a meaningful statement that can be either true or false. He contrasts complete statements like \u201cThe door is open\u201d with incomplete ones like \u201cthe door,\u201d showing how only the former qualify as logical propositions.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Types of Propositions<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Propositions are categorized by three main criteria:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • By quality:<\/em> Affirmative or negative,<\/li>\n
                  • By form:<\/em> Categorical (A is B) or conditional (If A, then B),<\/li>\n
                  • By quantity<\/em>: Singular (specific), universal, or indefinite.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    This classification underpins the structure of logical reasoning.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Structure of Syllogism<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      Syllogism is defined as a logical structure that deduces a conclusion from two premises. It is divided into conjunctive (categorical) and disjunctive (conditional) syllogisms. Validity depends on the correct placement of the middle term and the qualities (universality, positivity) of the premises. An example in the first figure: \u201cAll flowers are lovely. Daisies are flowers. Therefore, daisies are lovely.\u201d<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. Figures of Syllogism and Conditions for Validity<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Syllogisms are divided into four figures based on the position of the middle term. The first figure is the strongest and requires the minor premise to be affirmative and the major premise to be universal. Terms (major, minor, middle), figure, and mode are introduced as foundational components of logical form.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. The Five Arts and Practical Uses of Logic<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          The seminar concludes with an overview of the \u201cfive arts\u201d from Is\u0101gh\u016bj\u012b: demonstration (burh\u0101n), dialectic (jadal), rhetoric (khi\u1e6d\u0101ba), sophistry (mugh\u0101la\u1e6da), and poetry (shi\u02bfr). These correspond to different uses of syllogistic structures based on the epistemic strength of their premises. Demonstrative syllogism (burh\u0101n) is highlighted as producing necessary truth from certain premises.<\/p>\n

                          Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          This seminar completes the transition from conceptual to judgment-based reasoning and presents the formal structure of logical inference. By analyzing the definitions of judgment, types of propositions, and syllogistic forms, \u00d6zturan articulates the systematic power of classical logic. The seminar reveals logic not only as a method of reasoning but as a disciplined framework for structuring meaning and knowledge.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                          MEHMET \u00d6ZTURAN: EBHER\u0130, \u0130SAGUC\u0130 3. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130 Dersin Amac\u0131 ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5959","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5959","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5959"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5959\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5960,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5959\/revisions\/5960"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5959"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}