{"id":8349,"date":"2025-11-30T17:08:30","date_gmt":"2025-11-30T14:08:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/?page_id=8349"},"modified":"2025-11-30T17:08:30","modified_gmt":"2025-11-30T14:08:30","slug":"omer-turker-abdulkahir-el-bagdadi-usulid-din-2-seminer-ozeti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/omer-turker-abdulkahir-el-bagdadi-usulid-din-2-seminer-ozeti\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6MER T\u00dcRKER, ABDULK\u00c2H\u0130R EL-BA\u011eD\u00c2D\u00ce, US\u00dbL\u0130\u2019D-D\u00ceN 2. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00d6MER T\u00dcRKER, ABDULK\u00c2H\u0130R EL-BA\u011eD\u00c2D\u00ce, US\u00dbL\u0130\u2019D-D\u00ceN 2. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Seminerin Amac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu seminer, Abd\u00fclk\u00e2hir el-Ba\u011fd\u00e2d\u00ee\u2019nin Us\u00fbl\u00fc\u2019d-D\u00een<\/em> eserindeki hud\u00fbs (\u00e2lemin sonradan meydana geli\u015fi) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ve kel\u00e2m kozmolojisinin temel ilkelerini a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar. Bir \u00f6nceki seminerde tamamlanan bilgi teorisinin ard\u0131ndan bu ders, kel\u00e2m\u0131n varl\u0131k, hareket, cevher-araz, atomculuk, bo\u015fluk, kozmik d\u00fczen ve Tanr\u0131-\u00e2lem ili\u015fkisi gibi metafizik konular\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Seminer iki eksen \u00fczerinde ilerler: hud\u00fbs delilinin temel prensipleri ve kel\u00e2m kozmolojisinin tarihsel geli\u015fimi.<\/p>\n

Ana Temalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Hud\u00fbs Bahsinin Kel\u00e2m \u0130\u00e7indeki Konumu<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Hud\u00fbs meselesi, kel\u00e2m\u0131n Tanr\u0131-\u00e2lem ili\u015fkisini temellendirdi\u011fi en temel problem alan\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c2lem bir \u201cfiil\u201d olarak okunur; b\u00f6ylece Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n fiilleri Tanr\u0131\u2019ya g\u00f6t\u00fcren deliller h\u00e2line gelir. Kel\u00e2m\u0131n konu hiyerar\u015fisi \u00fc\u00e7 eksenlidir: Tanr\u0131, insan fiilleri ve \u00e2lem (cevher-araz). Bu nedenle hud\u00fbs meselesi, ul\u00fbhiyet bahislerine ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in zorunlu bir dura\u011f\u0131 temsil eder.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Kel\u00e2m Kozmolojisinin Temel \u00c7er\u00e7evesi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Kel\u00e2mc\u0131lar nazar\u00ee felsefe gibi insan iradesinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z b\u00fct\u00fcn varl\u0131klar\u0131 inceleyen bir bilim kurar. Cevher-araz yap\u0131s\u0131, hareket-s\u00fck\u00fbn, birle\u015fme-ayr\u0131lma, varl\u0131k-yokluk gibi meseleler kel\u00e2m kozmolojisinin merkezinde yer al\u0131r. Bu kozmoloji ayn\u0131 zamanda Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n fiillerini anlamak ve \u00e2lemin d\u00fczeninden ul\u00fbhiyete ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Par\u00e7ac\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 \u00c2lem G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Kel\u00e2mc\u0131lar, klasik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 gibi \u00e2lemin par\u00e7ac\u0131klardan olu\u015ftu\u011funu kabul eder. Maddes\u00fbret\u00e7i gelenek de atomcu gelenek de par\u00e7ac\u0131k\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r. Her iki yakla\u015f\u0131mda da varl\u0131k, nihayet h\u00e2lde b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilen veya b\u00f6l\u00fcnemeyen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimlerden meydana gelir. Bu nedenle kel\u00e2m ile felsefe aras\u0131nda y\u00f6ntemsel ge\u00e7i\u015f m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Atomculuk ve Maddes\u00fbret\u00e7ilik Aras\u0131ndaki Ayr\u0131m<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \u0130ki par\u00e7ac\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f aras\u0131nda temel fark \u201cbiti\u015fiklik\u201d ve \u201cayr\u0131kl\u0131k\u201d ilkeleridir. Maddes\u00fbret\u00e7i teori tam bir biti\u015fikli\u011fe dayan\u0131r; bo\u015flu\u011fu reddeder. Atomculuk ise b\u00f6l\u00fcnmez par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131kl\u0131k \u00fczerine kuruludur ve bo\u015flu\u011fu zorunlu kabul eder. Kel\u00e2m atomculu\u011fu, infis\u00e2l (ayr\u0131kl\u0131k) fikrine dayan\u0131r ve cisimlerin aras\u0131nda bo\u015fluk bulundu\u011funu varsayar.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Atomun Mahiyeti ve Tart\u0131\u015fmalar<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Kel\u00e2mc\u0131lar atomun \u015fekli hakk\u0131nda ortak bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe sahip de\u011fildir. \u00c7o\u011fu atomun hacimsiz ve \u015fekilsiz oldu\u011funu savunur; hacim ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n atomlar\u0131n birle\u015fmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul eder. Ele\u015ftiriler nedeniyle baz\u0131lar\u0131 atomun dairesel oldu\u011funu varsayarak a\u00e7\u0131klama yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Atomculukta bo\u015fluk, hareket ve birle\u015fme prensipleri merkez\u00ee \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Yunan ve Hint Atomculu\u011fu Etkisi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Kel\u00e2m atomculu\u011funun kayna\u011f\u0131 konusunda iki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f bulunur: Yunan atomculu\u011fu (Demokritos ekol\u00fc) ve Hint atomculu\u011fu. Tarih\u00ee veriler kel\u00e2mc\u0131lar\u0131n Yunan metinlerini bildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir; ancak \u0130ran-Hint k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hatt\u0131 \u00fczerinden Hint etkisinin de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu belirtilir. Demokritos atomculu\u011fu, tesad\u00fcf, kaosun \u00f6nceli\u011fi ve maddenin ezel\u00ee olu\u015fu gibi ilkeleriyle kel\u00e2m atomculu\u011fundan ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Kel\u00e2m Atomculu\u011funun Teolojik D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Kel\u00e2mc\u0131lar Yunan atomculu\u011fundaki materyalist, ezel\u00ee madde anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 reddederek atomculu\u011fu teolojik bir \u00e7er\u00e7eveye uyarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Atomlar yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; hareketin faili Tanr\u0131\u2019d\u0131r; tesad\u00fcf reddedilir. Atomculuk, kaderci olmayan, Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n fiiline a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00e2lem tasavvuru kurmak i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Kel\u00e2m\u0131n Tek Bir Kozmolojiye Ba\u011fl\u0131 Olmamas\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Kel\u00e2m\u0131n teorik fizik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zorunlu olarak atomcu olmas\u0131 gerekmez. Tarihte kel\u00e2mc\u0131lar aras\u0131nda maddes\u00fbret\u00e7i kozmolojiye yakla\u015fanlar (Nazz\u00e2m, C\u00e2h\u0131z) ve tamamen atomculuktan ayr\u0131lan ruh-cevher g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri geli\u015ftirenler (Muammer b. Abb\u00e2d) g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca M\u00e2t\u00fcr\u00eed\u00ee ekolden Deb\u00fbs\u00ee, madde-s\u00fbret terminolojisini kullanarak ul\u00fbhiyet bahislerini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7e\u015fitlilik kel\u00e2m\u0131n tek bir kozmolojik modele mahk\u00fbm olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Atomculu\u011fun Kel\u00e2m Tarihindeki A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Her ne kadar farkl\u0131 kozmolojik sistemlere imk\u00e2n bulunsa da kel\u00e2m tarihinin bask\u0131n \u00e7izgisi atomculuktur. Cevher-araz yap\u0131s\u0131, hud\u00fbs delili, hareket anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Tanr\u0131-\u00e2lem ili\u015fkisinin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 bu modele dayan\u0131r. Bu nedenle klasik kel\u00e2m metinlerini anlamak atomcu kozmolojiyi bilmeden m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Teorilerin \u00c7\u00f6kmesi ve Kel\u00e2m\u0131n Yeniden \u0130n\u015fas\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      Kel\u00e2m, tarihsel bir disiplin oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 fiziksel teorilerin yanl\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131 kel\u00e2m\u0131n kendisini ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131lmaz. Metafizik iddialar fizik teorilerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zd\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla atomculuk \u00e7\u00f6kerse kel\u00e2m yeniden in\u015fa edilebilir. Ba\u011fd\u00e2d\u00ee\u2019nin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6nmedi\u011fine dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc gibi bir\u00e7ok fiziksel varsay\u0131m tarih i\u00e7inde terk edilmi\u015ftir. Kel\u00e2m\u0131n amac\u0131 fizik \u00fcretmek de\u011fil, naslardan hareketle metafizik derecelendirme yapmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                      Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      Bu seminer, kel\u00e2m\u0131n hud\u00fbs meselesi etraf\u0131nda \u015fekillenen varl\u0131k ve kozmoloji anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. Atomculuk, par\u00e7ac\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, bo\u015fluk, hareket ve Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e2lemle ili\u015fkisi gibi konular kel\u00e2m metafizi\u011finin temel bile\u015fenleri olarak sunulur. Seminer ayn\u0131 zamanda kel\u00e2m\u0131n tek bir kozmolojiye ba\u011fl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; ancak atomculu\u011fun tarihsel olarak bask\u0131n \u00e7izgi h\u00e2line geldi\u011fini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                      Purpose of the Seminar<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      This seminar aims to explain the chapter on hud\u016bth (the origination of the world) in al-Baghd\u0101d\u012b\u2019s Us\u016bl al-D\u012bn<\/em> and to outline the main principles of kal\u0101m cosmology. Following the completion of the theory of knowledge, this lesson discusses metaphysical topics such as being, motion, substance-accident theory, atomism, the void, cosmic order, and the God-world relationship. The seminar proceeds along two axes: the foundational principles of the hud\u016bth argument and the historical development of kal\u0101m cosmology.<\/p>\n

                      Ma\u0131n Themes<\/strong><\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. The Role of Hud\u016bth in Kal\u0101m<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Hud\u016bth is the key problem through which kal\u0101m grounds the relationship between God and the world. The world is read as a \u201cdivine act,\u201d and God\u2019s acts serve as indicators leading to knowledge of Him. The hierarchy of kal\u0101m consists of God, human acts, and the world (substance and accidents). Thus the hud\u016bth argument is the gateway to theological discussions.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. The Basic Framework of Kal\u0101m Cosmology<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          Kal\u0101m, like speculative philosophy, examines all entities independent of human will. Issues such as substance-accident composition, motion and rest, joining and separation, and existence and non-existence lie at the center of its cosmology. This structure also functions as a means to understand the divine through the order of the world.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. The Particulate View of the World<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            Kal\u0101m theologians accept that the world is composed of particles, as did most ancient thinkers. Both hylomorphism and atomism are particulate theories. In both, beings ultimately resolve into small units that are either divisible or indivisible. This methodological commonality allows for transitions between kal\u0101m and philosophy.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. The Distinction Between Atomism and Hylomorphism<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              The main difference between the two particulate systems is the opposition between continuity and discreteness. Hylomorphism depends on complete continuity and rejects the existence of void. Atomism, by contrast, rests on indivisible particles separated by intervals and therefore requires the void. Kal\u0101m atomism is based on discreteness and accepts the presence of empty space.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. The Nature of the Atom and Related Debates<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                There is no single view about the shape of the atom in kal\u0101m. Many theologians argue that atoms have no shape or volume and acquire magnitude only through combination. Due to philosophical objections, some adopted the didactic assumption that atoms are spherical. In atomism, the principles of void, motion, and combination are essential.<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. Influence of Greek and Indian Atomism<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  Two possible sources for kal\u0101m atomism are discussed: Greek atomism (Democritean) and Indian atomism. Historical evidence indicates that theologians were familiar with Greek texts, though Iranian-Indian cultural interactions make Indian influence plausible. Democritean atomism differs from kal\u0101m chiefly in affirming chance, the primacy of chaos, and the eternity of matter.<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  1. The Theological Transformation of Atomism<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                    Kal\u0101m theologians rejected the materialist and eternalist implications of Greek atomism, reshaping it within a theological framework. Atoms are created by God, motion requires a divine agent, and chance is denied. Atomism was adopted to construct a world picture open to divine intervention and compatible with a free, volitional God.<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    1. Kal\u0101m Is Not Bound to a Single Cosmology<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                      Kal\u0101m does not require atomism as a necessary physical theory. Some early theologians adopted views closer to hylomorphism (Nazz\u0101m, J\u0101\u1e25i\u1e93), while others developed theories independent of atomism (Mu\u02bfammar b. \u02bfAbb\u0101d). Deb\u016bs\u012b of the M\u0101tur\u012bd\u012b school applied hylomorphic terminology to divine theology. This diversity shows that kal\u0101m is not tied to a single cosmological model.<\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      1. The Historical Dominance of Atomism in Kal\u0101m<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                        Although multiple cosmologies are possible, the dominant historical trajectory of kal\u0101m is atomistic. The hud\u016bth argument, substance-accident theory, motion, and the God-world relation are deeply rooted in atomism. Classical kal\u0101m texts cannot be fully understood without awareness of this background.<\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        1. Collapse of Theories and the Rebuildability of Kal\u0101m<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                          Kal\u0101m is a historical discipline; thus the falsification of its physical assumptions does not invalidate its metaphysical claims. Atomism or any cosmology may collapse, yet kal\u0101m remains reconstructable. Many physical claims\u2014such as al-Baghd\u0101d\u012b\u2019s belief that the earth does not move\u2014have already been abandoned. Kal\u0101m\u2019s aim is not to produce physics but to interpret metaphysical principles rooted in revelation.<\/p>\n

                                           <\/p>\n

                                          Conclus\u0131on<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                          This seminar explains the cosmological and metaphysical framework of kal\u0101m as shaped by the hud\u016bth argument. Atomism, particulate ontology, the void, motion, and the God-world relationship form the core of this framework. The seminar also shows that although kal\u0101m is not inherently tied to one cosmology, atomism historically became its dominant model.<\/p>\n

                                           <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                          \u00d6MER T\u00dcRKER, ABDULK\u00c2H\u0130R EL-BA\u011eD\u00c2D\u00ce, US\u00dbL\u0130\u2019D-D\u00ceN 2. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130 Seminerin Amac\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8349","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8349","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8349"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8349\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8350,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8349\/revisions\/8350"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8349"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}