{"id":8607,"date":"2025-12-01T22:02:51","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T19:02:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/?page_id=8607"},"modified":"2025-12-01T22:02:51","modified_gmt":"2025-12-01T19:02:51","slug":"osman-demir-cuveyni-kitabul-irsad-2-seminer-ozeti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/osman-demir-cuveyni-kitabul-irsad-2-seminer-ozeti\/","title":{"rendered":"OSMAN DEM\u0130R, C\u00dcVEYN\u0130, K\u0130TAB\u00dc’L-\u0130R\u015eAD 2. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

OSMAN DEM\u0130R, C\u00dcVEYN\u0130, K\u0130TAB\u00dc’L-\u0130R\u015eAD 2. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dersin Amac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu dersin amac\u0131, C\u00fcveyn\u00ee\u2019nin bilgi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, bilginin kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131, nazar\u0131n mahiyetini, bilginin zorunluluk derecelerini ve epistemolojik tasniflerin kel\u00e2m metodolojisi i\u00e7indeki yerini a\u00e7\u0131klamakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ana Temalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Bilgi Tan\u0131m\u0131 Ve Bilginin Kesinlik Derecesi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Bilgi, C\u00fcveyn\u00ee\u2019ye g\u00f6re bir \u015feyi oldu\u011fu h\u00e2l \u00fczere idrak etmektir. Bu tan\u0131m, bilginin kesinlik i\u00e7erdi\u011fini ve zanna indirgenemeyece\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Zan, cehalet ve vehim bilginin kar\u015f\u0131t kavramlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bilginin kesin olu\u015fu, kel\u00e2m ilminde delile dayanan nazar\u00ee sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n zorunluluk ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7inde ele al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Bilgi T\u00fcrleri Ve Kaynaklar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Bilginin kaynaklar\u0131 duyular, haber ve ak\u0131ld\u0131r. Duyular do\u011frudan alg\u0131ya dayanan zorunlu bilgiyi do\u011furur; ak\u0131l, zorunlu ili\u015fkileri kavrayarak yeni bilgiler \u00fcretir; haber ise tevat\u00fcr seviyesine ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kesinlik ifade eder. C\u00fcveyn\u00ee, haber-i v\u00e2hidin zan ifade etti\u011fini, fakat amelde ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 olabilece\u011fini belirtir.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Zarur\u00ee Ve Kesb\u00ee Bilgi Ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Zarur\u00ee bilgi ki\u015finin \u00e7abas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duymadan meydana gelir; duyularla alg\u0131lanan veya akl\u0131n zorunlu \u015fekilde \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nermeler bu kategoriye girer. Kesb\u00ee bilgi ise nazar yoluyla elde edilir. T\u00fcm kel\u00e2m sistemi kesb\u00ee bilginin sahih nazarla \u00fcretilebilece\u011fi ilkesine dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Nazar\u0131n Mahiyeti Ve Bilgiyle \u0130li\u015fkisi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Nazar, bilinenlerden bilinmeyene ge\u00e7i\u015f sa\u011flayan akl\u00ee faaliyettir. Bu faaliyetin sahih olmas\u0131 belirli \u015fartlara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r: delilin do\u011fru olmas\u0131, delil ile netice aras\u0131nda zorunlu ili\u015fki bulunmas\u0131 ve akl\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015fa sebep olabilecek engellerden ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir. Sahih nazar zorunlu bilgi \u00fcretir; fasit nazar ise ki\u015fiyi \u015f\u00fcphe veya yanl\u0131\u015f sonuca g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u015e\u00fcphe, Zan Ve Vehim Kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n Ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \u015e\u00fcphe, iki h\u00fckm\u00fcn e\u015fit derecede bilinmesi; zan, bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn di\u011ferine g\u00f6re a\u011f\u0131r basmas\u0131; vehim ise akla uygun olmayan bir ihtimali d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme h\u00e2lidir. Bu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc bilginin z\u0131tlar\u0131d\u0131r ve bunlardan hareketle kesin bilgi do\u011fmaz. Kel\u00e2m y\u00f6nteminde hedef bu z\u0131t h\u00e2llerin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Bilginin Mahiyetiyle \u0130lgili \u0130tirazlar Ve C\u00fcveyn\u00ee\u2019nin Cevaplar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              S\u00fcmeniyye ve Sofistler bilginin imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 reddeder. S\u00fcmeniyye duyular\u0131n g\u00fcvenilmez oldu\u011funu iddia ederken, Sofistler d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ink\u00e2r eder. C\u00fcveyn\u00ee, bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin kendi kendini \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bilginin imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 reddederken bile bilmenin bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc varsayd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder.<\/p>\n

              Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

              Bu derste bilginin tan\u0131m\u0131, kesinlik dereceleri, bilgi t\u00fcrleri, nazar\u0131n bilgiyle ili\u015fkisi ve bilginin imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 reddeden ak\u0131mlar\u0131n ele\u015ftirisi ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. C\u00fcveyn\u00ee\u2019ye g\u00f6re kel\u00e2m\u00ee istidlalin temeli, sahih nazar ile elde edilen kesin bilgidir ve t\u00fcm teolojik yap\u0131 bunun \u00fczerine kuruludur.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Purpose of the Lesson<\/strong><\/p>\n

              The purpose of this lesson is to explain C\u016bwayn\u012b\u2019s understanding of knowledge, the sources of knowledge, the nature of reasoning, the degrees of certainty in knowledge, and the place of epistemological classifications within the methodology of kal\u0101m.<\/p>\n

              Main Themes<\/strong><\/p>\n

                \n
              1. The Definition of Knowledge And Its Degree of Certainty<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                According to C\u016bwayn\u012b, knowledge is the apprehension of a thing as it truly is. This definition shows that knowledge contains certainty and cannot be reduced to conjecture. Conjecture, ignorance and delusion are the opposite concepts of knowledge. The certainty of knowledge requires that the inferential results in kal\u0101m be examined within a framework of necessary relations.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. The Types And Sources of Knowledge<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  The sources of knowledge are the senses, transmitted report and reason. The senses produce necessary knowledge based on direct perception; reason apprehends necessary relations and produces new knowledge; transmitted report conveys certainty when it reaches the level of taw\u0101tur. C\u016bwayn\u012b states that solitary reports yield conjecture but may still be binding in practice.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. The Distinction Between Necessary And Acquired Knowledge<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Necessary knowledge occurs without the effort of the individual; perceptions through the senses or propositions grasped necessarily by the intellect fall into this category. Acquired knowledge is obtained through reasoning. The entire system of kal\u0101m rests on the principle that acquired knowledge can be produced only through sound reasoning.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. The Nature of Reasoning And Its Relationship With Knowledge<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      Reasoning is the intellectual activity that enables the transition from what is known to what is unknown. For reasoning to be sound, certain conditions must be met: the evidence must be valid, there must be a necessary relationship between evidence and conclusion, and the intellect must be free from obstacles that cause error. Sound reasoning yields necessary knowledge; unsound reasoning leads to doubt or false conclusions.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. The Distinction Between Doubt, Conjecture And Delusion<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Doubt is the equal possibility of two judgments; conjecture is the predominance of one judgment over another; delusion is considering an implausible possibility. These three states are the opposites of knowledge and cannot lead to certainty. The aim of the kal\u0101m method is to transcend these states.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Objections Concerning the Nature of Knowledge And C\u016bwayn\u012b\u2019s Responses<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          The Suman\u012bs and the Sophists deny the possibility of knowledge. The Suman\u012bs claim that the senses are unreliable, whereas the Sophists deny the existence of the external world. C\u016bwayn\u012b argues that these views refute themselves, because even in denying knowledge they presuppose some kind of knowing.<\/p>\n

                          Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          This lesson discussed the definition of knowledge, degrees of certainty, types of knowledge, the relationship between reasoning and knowledge, and the critique of schools that deny the possibility of knowledge. According to C\u016bwayn\u012b, the foundation of kal\u0101m inference is certain knowledge obtained through sound reasoning, and the theological structure is built upon this.<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                          OSMAN DEM\u0130R, C\u00dcVEYN\u0130, K\u0130TAB\u00dc’L-\u0130R\u015eAD 2. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130 Dersin Amac\u0131 Bu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8607","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8607","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8607"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8607\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8608,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8607\/revisions\/8608"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8607"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}