{"id":8645,"date":"2025-12-01T22:15:03","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T19:15:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/?page_id=8645"},"modified":"2025-12-01T22:15:03","modified_gmt":"2025-12-01T19:15:03","slug":"mehmet-ozturan-katibi-semsiyye-5-seminer-ozeti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/mehmet-ozturan-katibi-semsiyye-5-seminer-ozeti\/","title":{"rendered":"MEHMET \u00d6ZTURAN, K\u00c2T\u0130B\u00ce, \u015eEMS\u0130YYE 5. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

MEHMET \u00d6ZTURAN, K\u00c2T\u0130B\u00ce, \u015eEMS\u0130YYE 5. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dersin Amac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu dersin amac\u0131, k\u0131yas\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 peki\u015ftirmek, k\u0131yas\u0131n ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini belirleyen formel yap\u0131y\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak, t\u00fcmdengelimsel \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mla t\u00fcmevar\u0131msal \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 netle\u015ftirmek, k\u0131yas\u0131n zorunluluk \u00fcretme bi\u00e7imini ayr\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131rmak ve k\u0131yas\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 olan iktir\u00e2n\u00ee ve istisn\u00e2\u00ee k\u0131yaslar\u0131 \u00f6rneklerle tan\u0131tmakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca k\u0131yas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan temel terimleri (orta terim, b\u00fcy\u00fck\u2013k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck terim, b\u00fcy\u00fck\u2013k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6nc\u00fcl) tan\u0131mlayarak k\u0131yas \u015fekillerini anlamak i\u00e7in gerekli olan altyap\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturmak hedeflenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ana Temalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. K\u0131yas\u0131n Tan\u0131m\u0131 Ve T\u00fcmdengelimsel Yap\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    K\u0131yas, \u00f6nc\u00fcllerin do\u011fru oldu\u011fu kabul edildi\u011finde sonucun da formel olarak do\u011fru olmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m bi\u00e7imidir. Bu zorunluluk i\u00e7erikten de\u011fil, tamamen formdan kaynaklan\u0131r. Bu nedenle k\u0131yas\u0131 t\u00fcmdengelimsel \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar aras\u0131nda de\u011ferlendiririz. \u0130\u00e7eri\u011fi olumsall\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00f6nermeler bile olsa, bu \u00f6nermeler k\u0131yasa uygun bir forma yerle\u015ftirildi\u011finde sonu\u00e7, s\u00f6ylenmesi gereken zorunlu h\u00fck\u00fcm olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu durum, k\u0131yas\u0131 t\u00fcmevar\u0131m gibi olas\u0131l\u0131k temelli \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m t\u00fcrlerinden ay\u0131r\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc t\u00fcmevar\u0131m sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 her zaman ihtimal i\u00e7erirken, k\u0131yas ya tamamen ge\u00e7erlidir ya da ge\u00e7ersizdir.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. T\u00fcmevar\u0131m \u0130le T\u00fcmdengelim Aras\u0131ndaki Ayr\u0131m<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      T\u00fcmevar\u0131m (istikr\u00e2), istatistik\u00ee veya g\u00f6zleme dayal\u0131 bir olas\u0131l\u0131k \u00fcretir ve sonu\u00e7 asla zorunlu de\u011fildir; yaln\u0131zca muhtemeldir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k k\u0131yasta \u00f6nc\u00fcllerin do\u011frulu\u011fu kabul edildi\u011fi anda sonu\u00e7 formel olarak zorunlu h\u00e2le gelir. B\u00f6ylece \u201cge\u00e7erli\u2013ge\u00e7ersiz\u201d ayr\u0131m\u0131 k\u0131yas i\u00e7in mutlak bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct olu\u015ftururken, t\u00fcmevar\u0131mda \u201colas\u0131l\u0131k derecesi\u201d belirleyicidir. Mant\u0131k ilminin k\u0131yasa \u00f6zel \u00f6nem vermesi, bilginin kesin ve zorunlu bi\u00e7imde temellendirilmesini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. K\u0131yas\u0131n Bilgi \u00dcretimi Ve Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n Konusu \u0130le \u0130li\u015fkisi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n konusu \u201cme\u00e7hule ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bilinenler\u201ddir. Me\u00e7hul bir tasdik s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda akla gelen do\u011fal soru \u201cni\u00e7in b\u00f6yledir?\u201d sorusudur. Bu sorunun cevab\u0131 ancak k\u0131yas\u0131n kurulmas\u0131yla verilir. Bilinen \u00f6nermeler d\u00fczenli bir bi\u00e7imde tertip edildi\u011finde, bilmedi\u011fimiz h\u00fckm\u00fcn gerek\u00e7esi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. B\u00f6ylece k\u0131yas, mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck vaadi olan tasdik bilgisini \u00fcretme ve h\u00fckm\u00fc temellendirme arac\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. K\u0131yas\u0131n K\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131: \u0130ktir\u00e2n\u00ee Ve \u0130stisn\u00e2\u00ee K\u0131yas<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          K\u0131yas, \u00f6nermelerin bile\u015fik veya basit olu\u015funa g\u00f6re ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130ktir\u00e2n\u00ee k\u0131yaslarda sonu\u00e7 \u00f6nc\u00fcllerde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yer almaz fakat \u00f6rt\u00fck bi\u00e7imde bulunur. Bu k\u0131yas t\u00fcr\u00fc daha \u00e7ok \u201cher A B\u2019dir, her B C\u2019dir, o h\u00e2lde her A C\u2019dir\u201d formunda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u0130stisn\u00e2\u00ee k\u0131yaslarda ise sonu\u00e7 ya a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ya da \u00e7eli\u015fi\u011fiyle birlikte \u00f6nc\u00fcllerde yer al\u0131r. \u201cA ise B\u2019dir; A\u2019d\u0131r, o h\u00e2lde B\u2019dir\u201d veya \u201cA ise B\u2019dir; B de\u011fildir, o h\u00e2lde A de\u011fildir\u201d gibi formlar istisn\u00e2\u00ee k\u0131yasa \u00f6rnektir. \u0130stisn\u00e2\u00ee k\u0131yas, g\u00fcnl\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmede en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m bi\u00e7imlerinden biridir.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. K\u0131yas\u0131n Terimleri: Orta Terim, B\u00fcy\u00fck Terim, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Terim<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            K\u0131yas\u0131n iki \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fcnde ortak olarak tekrar eden terim orta terimdir (hadd-i evsat). Sonucun konusu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck terimdir (hadd-i asgar) ve bu terimin bulundu\u011fu \u00f6nc\u00fcle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6nc\u00fcl denir. Sonucun y\u00fcklemi b\u00fcy\u00fck terimdir (hadd-i ekber) ve bulundu\u011fu \u00f6nc\u00fcle b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nc\u00fcl denir. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 terim k\u0131yas\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 belirler ve k\u0131yas \u015fekillerinin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 bu ayr\u0131mlar\u0131n bilinmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. K\u0131yas \u015eekillerine Giri\u015f Ve Birinci \u015eeklin Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              K\u0131yas \u015fekilleri orta terimin b\u00fcy\u00fck ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6nc\u00fclde hangi konumda bulundu\u011funa g\u00f6re belirlenir. Birinci \u015fekilde orta terim b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nc\u00fclde konu, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6nc\u00fclde y\u00fcklemdir. Birinci \u015feklin ge\u00e7erlilik \u015fart\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fcn t\u00fcmel, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fcn olumlu olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u015fartlar sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sonu\u00e7 zorunlu olarak \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu ders, birinci \u015fekle ait temel modlar\u0131 tan\u0131tmak i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131k niteli\u011findedir ve sonraki derste \u015fekillerin tamam\u0131 sistematik olarak ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

              Bu ders, k\u0131yas\u0131n formel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, zorunluluk kavram\u0131n\u0131, t\u00fcmdengelimsel \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fini ve k\u0131yas\u0131n bilgi \u00fcretimindeki yerini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca k\u0131yas\u0131n iki temel t\u00fcr\u00fc olan iktir\u00e2n\u00ee ve istisn\u00e2\u00ee k\u0131yas\u0131n mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rneklerle g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f, k\u0131yas\u0131n terimlerinin nas\u0131l belirlenece\u011fi ayr\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve k\u0131yas \u015fekillerine ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in gerekli olan teorik temel tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Purpose of the Lesson<\/strong><\/p>\n

              The purpose of this lesson is to reinforce the definition of the syllogism, to explain the formal structure that determines its validity, to clarify the distinction between deductive and inductive reasoning, to elaborate on the way in which syllogism produces necessity, and to introduce its two types\u2014iktir\u0101n\u012b and istithn\u0101\u02be\u012b\u2014together with examples. It also aims to establish the foundational terms that make syllogism possible (middle term, major term, minor term, major\/minor premise), thereby preparing the ground for understanding the figures of the syllogism.<\/p>\n

              Main Themes<\/strong><\/p>\n

                \n
              1. The Definition Of Syllogism And Its Deductive Structure<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                A syllogism is a form of reasoning in which, once the premises are accepted as true, the conclusion becomes formally necessary. This necessity arises not from the content but from the form. Therefore, syllogism is classified as a deductive type of reasoning. Even if the content of the propositions contains contingency, once these propositions are placed within the proper form, the conclusion becomes the judgment that must be asserted. This distinguishes syllogism from induction, which is probability-based.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. The Distinction Between Induction And Deduction<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Induction produces probability based on observation or statistical generalization, and its conclusion is never necessary. Deduction, however, makes the conclusion formally necessary once the premises are assumed true. Accordingly, syllogism belongs to a domain where the only relevant distinction is between \u201cvalid\u201d and \u201cinvalid,\u201d while induction relies on degrees of likelihood. Logic gives privileged status to syllogism because it ensures certainty and necessity.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. The Relation Of Syllogism To The Production Of Knowledge<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    The subject of logic is \u201cthe knowns that lead to the unknown.\u201d When the unknown is a judgment, the natural question becomes \u201cWhy is it so?\u201d This question can be answered only through syllogism. By arranging known propositions into an ordered structure, the justification for the unknown judgment emerges. Thus, syllogism fulfills the second major promise of logic: providing the grounding for assent (tasd\u012bq).<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. The Types Of Syllogism: Iktir\u0101n\u012b And Istithn\u0101<\/strong>\u02be<\/strong>\u012b<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      Syllogism is divided into two according to whether the propositions are simple or compound. In an iktir\u0101n\u012b syllogism, the conclusion does not appear explicitly in the premises but is implicitly contained within them. In an istithn\u0101\u02be\u012b syllogism, the conclusion or its contradictory appears explicitly in the premises. Examples such as \u201cIf A, then B; A, therefore B\u201d or \u201cIf A, then B; not-B, therefore not-A\u201d illustrate this type.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. The Terms Of The Syllogism: Middle, Major, Minor<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        The term that appears in both premises is the middle term. The subject of the conclusion is the minor term, and the premise containing it is the minor premise. The predicate of the conclusion is the major term, and the premise containing it is the major premise. These distinctions determine the structure of the syllogism and are essential for identifying its figures.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Introduction To The Figures Of The Syllogism And The Logic Of The First Figure<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          The figures of the syllogism are determined by the position of the middle term in the major and minor premises. In the first figure, the middle term is the subject of the major premise and the predicate of the minor premise. The validity conditions for this figure are: the major premise must be universal, and the minor premise must be affirmative. When these conditions are met, the conclusion necessarily follows. This lesson prepares the conceptual ground for a systematic study of the figures in the following session.<\/p>\n

                          Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          This lesson clarified the formal structure of the syllogism, the notion of necessity, the functioning of deductive reasoning, and the role of syllogism in the production of knowledge. It also explained the logic of iktir\u0101n\u012b and istithn\u0101\u02be\u012b syllogisms, defined the essential terms of the syllogism, and completed the theoretical foundation required for entering the study of its figures.<\/p>\n

                           <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                          MEHMET \u00d6ZTURAN, K\u00c2T\u0130B\u00ce, \u015eEMS\u0130YYE 5. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130 Dersin Amac\u0131 Bu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8645","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8645","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8645"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8645\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8646,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8645\/revisions\/8646"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8645"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}