{"id":8658,"date":"2025-12-01T22:18:45","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T19:18:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/?page_id=8658"},"modified":"2025-12-01T22:18:45","modified_gmt":"2025-12-01T19:18:45","slug":"harun-kuslukatibi-semsiyye-5-seminer-ozeti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/harun-kuslukatibi-semsiyye-5-seminer-ozeti\/","title":{"rendered":"HARUN KU\u015eLU,K\u00c2T\u0130B\u00ce, \u015eEMS\u0130YYE 5. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

HARUN KU\u015eLU,K\u00c2T\u0130B\u00ce, \u015eEMS\u0130YYE 5. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dersin Amac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu dersin amac\u0131 Katib\u00ee\u2019nin \u015eemsiyye metninde kar\u015f\u0131 olum ili\u015fkilerini, \u00e7eli\u015fki\u2013kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k\u2013alt\u0131kl\u0131k ayr\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131, bu ili\u015fkilerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli mant\u0131ksal \u015fartlar\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan e\u015fde\u011ferlik (d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme) ili\u015fkisini a\u00e7\u0131klamak; d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmenin k\u0131yas i\u00e7erisindeki i\u015flevini ve d\u00fcz\u2013ters d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme kurallar\u0131n\u0131 sistematik bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ana Temalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Kar\u015f\u0131 Olum \u0130li\u015fkilerinin Mant\u0131ksal \u00c7er\u00e7evesi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Kar\u015f\u0131 olum, \u00e7eli\u015fki, kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k ve alt\u0131kl\u0131k olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 temel bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu ili\u015fkilerin kurulabilmesi i\u00e7in iki \u00f6nermenin konu, y\u00fcklem, zaman, mek\u00e2n ve di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fartlarda ayn\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekir. \u015eartlar ayn\u0131 de\u011filse kar\u015f\u0131 olum ili\u015fkisi aranmaz. \u015eemsiyye \u015farihleri bu alan\u0131 hem tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015f hem de \u00f6rneklendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k Kavram\u0131n\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k yaln\u0131zca nitelik farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayan\u0131r. T\u00fcmel olumlu ile t\u00fcmel olumsuz aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki \u00fcst kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k; tikel olumlu ile tikel olumsuz aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki alt kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131kt\u0131r. Kar\u015f\u0131t \u00f6nermeler ayn\u0131 anda do\u011fru olamaz ancak ayn\u0131 anda yanl\u0131\u015f olabilirler. Bu nedenle kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k, \u00e7eli\u015fki \u00fcretmeyen fakat z\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6steren bir ili\u015fkidir.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Alt\u0131kl\u0131k \u0130li\u015fkisi ve T\u00fcmel\u2013Tikel Ba\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Her tikel \u00f6nerme kendi t\u00fcmel \u00f6nermesinin alt\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Tikel olumlu, t\u00fcmel olumluya; tikel olumsuz, t\u00fcmel olumsuza ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7eli\u015fki do\u011furmaz; bilakis t\u00fcmelin tikel \u00fczerindeki kapsam ili\u015fkisini ifade eder. Alt\u0131kl\u0131k ili\u015fkisi kar\u015f\u0131 olum \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u00c7eli\u015fki \u0130li\u015fkisinin Temeli ve \u00c7eli\u015fmezlik \u0130lkesi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \u00c7eli\u015fki, hem nitelik hem nicelik farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulundu\u011funda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bir \u00f6nermenin do\u011frulu\u011fu \u00e7eli\u015fi\u011finin yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Aristoteles\u2019in \u00e7eli\u015fmezlik ilkesi, mahiyetlerin birbirine kar\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikrine dayan\u0131r. \u015eemsiyye gelene\u011fi bu \u00e7er\u00e7eveyi koruyarak \u00e7eli\u015fkiyi sistematik hale getirir.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Modal Kiplerde \u00c7eli\u015fki Aray\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Zorunluluk\u2013imk\u00e2n ve s\u00fcreklilik\u2013mutlakl\u0131k gibi modal kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klarda \u00e7eli\u015fki aran\u0131rken kip de de\u011fi\u015ftirilir. \u0130bn S\u00een\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n modal yap\u0131s\u0131 ve \u015f\u00e2rihlerin bunu vasf\u00ee \u00f6nermelere geni\u015fletmesi, \u00e7eli\u015fkinin sadece nicelik ve nitelik \u00fczerinden de\u011fil kip \u00fczerinden de kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \u015eartl\u0131 \u00d6nermelerde \u00c7eli\u015fki Kurallar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Biti\u015fik \u015fartl\u0131 \u00f6nermelerde t\u00fcmel olumlu h\u00fckm\u00fcn \u00e7eli\u015fi\u011fi tikel olumsuzdur; ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131k \u015fartl\u0131larda da ayn\u0131 kural ge\u00e7erlidir. \u201cHer ne zaman A ise B\u2019dir\u201d ifadesinin \u00e7eli\u015fi\u011fi \u201cBazen A ise B de\u011fildir\u201d bi\u00e7imindedir. B\u00f6ylece \u015fartl\u0131 \u00f6nermelerde \u00e7eli\u015fki klasik t\u00fcmel\u2013tikel mekanizmas\u0131yla kurulur.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. E\u015fde\u011ferlik ve D\u00f6nd\u00fcrmenin Mant\u0131ksal \u0130\u015flevi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                E\u015fde\u011ferlik, bir \u00f6nermenin do\u011fruluk de\u011ferini de\u011fi\u015ftirmeden yeni bir \u00f6nerme elde etmeyi ama\u00e7lar. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclen \u00f6nerme k\u0131yastaki \u015fekilleri birinci \u015fekle ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu nedenle d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme k\u0131sm\u0131nda zorunlu bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. D\u00fcz D\u00f6nd\u00fcrme Kurallar\u0131n\u0131n Belirlenmesi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  D\u00fcz d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmede konu ve y\u00fcklem yer de\u011fi\u015ftirir.
                  \nT\u00fcmel olumlu tikel olumluya; tikel olumlu tikel olumluya; t\u00fcmel olumsuz t\u00fcmel olumsuza d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Tikel olumsuzun d\u00fcz d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmesi yoktur \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc do\u011fruluk de\u011feri korunamaz. Bu kurallar e\u015fde\u011ferlik ili\u015fkisinin temelini olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Ters D\u00f6nd\u00fcrme ve \u00c7eli\u015fik Kavramlarla \u0130\u015flem<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Ters d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmede konu ve y\u00fcklemin \u00e7eli\u015fikleri al\u0131narak yer de\u011fi\u015ftirir. T\u00fcmel olumlu t\u00fcmel olumluya; t\u00fcmel olumsuz tikel olumsuza; tikel olumsuz tikel olumsuza d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Tikel olumlu ters d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmez. Ters d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme, d\u00fcz d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmenin tam kar\u015f\u0131 kurallar\u0131na dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. D\u00f6nd\u00fcrme Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n Mant\u0131k Tarihindeki Yeri<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      D\u00f6nd\u00fcrme tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, \u201cHi\u00e7 bilinmeyen h\u00fckme konu olmaz\u201d \u00f6nermesi etraf\u0131nda \u015fekillenen me\u00e7hul\u00fc\u2019l-mutlak problemine kadar uzan\u0131r. Fahreddin R\u00e2z\u00ee\u2019den Ta\u015fk\u00f6priz\u00e2de\u2019ye kadar bir\u00e7ok mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 bu paradoksu \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f; z\u00e2t\u00ee\u2013vasf\u00ee \u00f6nerme ayr\u0131m\u0131 ve haric\u00ee\u2013hakik\u00ee \u00f6nerme ayr\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

                      Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      Bu derste kar\u015f\u0131 olum ili\u015fkileri, \u00e7eli\u015fki\u2013kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k\u2013alt\u0131kl\u0131k ayr\u0131mlar\u0131, modal ve \u015fartl\u0131 \u00f6nermelerde \u00e7eli\u015fki kurallar\u0131 ile e\u015fde\u011ferlik ve d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme mekanizmalar\u0131 sistemli bi\u00e7imde a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00f6nd\u00fcrmenin k\u0131yastaki zorunlu i\u015flevi ortaya konmu\u015f ve \u015eemsiyye gelene\u011finin bu meseleleri nas\u0131l ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7inde g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

                       <\/p>\n

                      Purpose of the Lesson<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      The purpose of this lesson is to explain the relations of opposition in Katib\u012b\u2019s Shamsiyya<\/em>, to clarify contradiction, contrariety and subalternation, to present the logical conditions required for these relations, and then to introduce equivalence (conversion) and its function within syllogistic reasoning.<\/p>\n

                      Main Themes<\/strong><\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. The Logical Framework of Opposition Relations<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Opposition appears in three forms: contradiction, contrariety and subalternation. These relations require the propositions to share the same subject, predicate and all accidental conditions. Without this sameness no opposition can be examined.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. The Limits of Contrariety<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          Contrariety depends solely on the difference of quality. Universal affirmative with universal negative are upper contraries; particular affirmative with particular negative are lower contraries. Contraries cannot both be true but can both be false.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. Subalternation and the Universal\u2013Particular Bond<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            Every particular proposition is the subaltern of its universal counterpart. This expresses inclusion rather than contradiction and shows how particular propositions depend on universal ones.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. The Basis of Contradiction and the Principle of Non-Contradiction<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              Contradiction arises when both quality and quantity change. The truth of one proposition necessitates the falsity of its contradictory. The metaphysical basis lies in the immutability of essences. The Shamsiyya<\/em> tradition formalizes this structure.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. Seeking Contradiction in Modal Propositions<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                Modal opposition such as necessity\u2013possibility and continuity\u2013absoluteness requires altering the mode when forming contradiction. Later commentators extended Ibn S\u012bn\u0101\u2019s modal analysis to accidental propositions.<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. Rules of Contradiction in Conditional Propositions<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  In conditional statements, the contradictory of a universal affirmative is a particular negative. \u201cWhenever A occurs, B occurs\u201d contradicts \u201cSometimes, when A occurs, B does not occur.\u201d<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  1. The Logical Function of Equivalence and Conversion<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                    Equivalence produces a new proposition without altering the truth value. Conversion is essential for transforming syllogisms into the first figure and thus for valid inference.<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    1. Rules of Simple Conversion<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                      In simple conversion the subject and predicate exchange places. Universal affirmative converts to particular affirmative; particular affirmative to particular affirmative; universal negative to universal negative; particular negative does not convert.<\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      1. Inverse Conversion and Operations with Contradictories<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                        Inverse conversion exchanges the contradictories of subject and predicate. Universal affirmative converts to universal affirmative; universal negative to particular negative; particular negative to particular negative; particular affirmative does not convert.<\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        1. The Place of Conversion Debates in the History of Logic<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                          Debates on conversion relate to the problem of the \u201cabsolutely unknown.\u201d From R\u0101z\u012b to Ta\u015fk\u00f6priz\u0101de, logicians attempted to solve the paradox \u201cThe absolutely unknown cannot be subject to judgment\u201d using essential\u2013accidental distinctions.<\/p>\n

                                          Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                          This lesson presented the full structure of opposition, the rules of contradiction in categorical, modal and conditional propositions, and the mechanisms of equivalence and conversion, showing how the Shamsiyya<\/em> tradition systematized these logical tools.<\/p>\n

                                           <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                          HARUN KU\u015eLU,K\u00c2T\u0130B\u00ce, \u015eEMS\u0130YYE 5. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130 Dersin Amac\u0131 Bu dersin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8658","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8658","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8658"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8658\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8659,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8658\/revisions\/8659"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8658"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}