{"id":8660,"date":"2025-12-01T22:19:08","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T19:19:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/?page_id=8660"},"modified":"2025-12-01T22:19:08","modified_gmt":"2025-12-01T19:19:08","slug":"harun-kuslukatibi-semsiyye-6-seminer-ozeti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/harun-kuslukatibi-semsiyye-6-seminer-ozeti\/","title":{"rendered":"HARUN KU\u015eLU,K\u00c2T\u0130B\u00ce, \u015eEMS\u0130YYE 6. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

HARUN KU\u015eLU,K\u00c2T\u0130B\u00ce, \u015eEMS\u0130YYE 6. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dersin Amac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu dersin amac\u0131, \u015eemsiyye\u2019de tasd\u00eek\u00e2t\u0131n as\u0131l gayesi olan istidl\u00e2l konusuna ge\u00e7i\u015f yaparak ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme t\u00fcrlerini tan\u0131mlamak; t\u00fcmden gelim, t\u00fcmevar\u0131m ve analoji aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131mlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak; k\u0131yas\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, terimlerini, kurallar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u015fekillerini sistemli bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymak; ayr\u0131ca negatif\u2013tikel \u00f6nc\u00fcller, orta terimin rol\u00fc, sonu\u00e7\u2013\u00f6nc\u00fcl ili\u015fkisi ve k\u0131yas\u0131n modlar\u0131 gibi temel mant\u0131k ilkelerini temellendirmektir.<\/p>\n

Ana Temalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u0130stidl\u00e2lin Tan\u0131m\u0131 ve T\u00fcrleri<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u0130stidl\u00e2l bilinen \u00f6nc\u00fcllerden bilinmeyen bir sonuca ula\u015fma i\u015flemidir. \u00dc\u00e7 temel ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme bi\u00e7imi vard\u0131r: t\u00fcmden gelim (k\u0131yas), t\u00fcmevar\u0131m ve analoji. T\u00fcmden gelimde h\u00fck\u00fcm t\u00fcmelden tikele iner; t\u00fcmevar\u0131mda tikelden t\u00fcmele y\u00fckselir; analojide h\u00fck\u00fcm bir tikelden ba\u015fka bir tikeye ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. T\u00fcmden gelim k\u0131yast\u0131r ve bilimsel ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctmedir.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. T\u00fcmden Gelimsel K\u0131yas\u0131n Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      K\u0131yas iki \u00f6nc\u00fclden ve bir sonu\u00e7tan olu\u015fur. K\u0131yas\u0131n terimleri b\u00fcy\u00fck terim, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck terim ve orta terimdir. Kaplam\u0131 en geni\u015f olan terim b\u00fcy\u00fck terim, en dar olan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck terim, iki \u00f6nc\u00fclde tekrar eden orta terimdir. B\u00fcy\u00fck terimin bulundu\u011fu \u00f6nc\u00fcl b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nc\u00fcl; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck terimin bulundu\u011fu \u00f6nc\u00fcl k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6nc\u00fcld\u00fcr. K\u0131yas\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131 gere\u011fi, \u00f6nc\u00fcller kabul edildi\u011finde sonu\u00e7 zorunlu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. K\u0131yas\u0131n Genel Kurallar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        K\u0131yas \u00fc\u00e7 terimden olu\u015fur ve bu terimler ne eksiltilmeli ne de art\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ki olumsuz \u00f6nc\u00fclden sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kmaz; iki tikel \u00f6nc\u00fclden sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kmaz. Orta terim sonu\u00e7ta yer almaz. K\u0131yas\u0131n sonucu zay\u0131f \u00f6nc\u00fcle tabidir: \u00f6nc\u00fcllerden biri olumsuz ise sonu\u00e7 da olumsuz; biri tikel ise sonu\u00e7 da tikel olur.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. K\u0131yas \u015eekilleri ve Orta Terimin Konumu<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Orta terimin \u00f6nc\u00fcllerde konu\u2013y\u00fcklem d\u00fczenine g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 k\u0131yas \u015fekilleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar:
          \n\u2013 Orta terim b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nc\u00fclde konu, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6nc\u00fclde y\u00fcklem ise birinci \u015fekil;
          \n\u2013 Her iki \u00f6nc\u00fclde y\u00fcklemse ikinci \u015fekil;
          \n\u2013 Her iki \u00f6nc\u00fclde konuysa \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fekil;
          \n\u2013 Tersi yerle\u015fimde d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fekildir.<\/p>\n

          Birinci \u015fekil m\u00fckemmel \u015fekildir; di\u011fer \u015fekiller d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme i\u015flemleriyle birinci \u015fekle indirgenerek sonu\u00e7 verir.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. D\u00f6nd\u00fcrme Kurallar\u0131 ve \u015eekillerin \u0130ndirgenmesi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Bir \u00f6nermeyi d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmek, do\u011fruluk de\u011ferini koruyarak konu\u2013y\u00fcklemin yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesidir. T\u00fcmel olumlu tikel olumluya; tikel olumlu tikel olumluya; t\u00fcmel olumsuz t\u00fcmel olumsuza d\u00f6ner; tikel olumsuz d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmez. \u0130kinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fekiller, uygun \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fcn d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle birinci \u015fekle indirgenir; sonu\u00e7 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck terimi konu, b\u00fcy\u00fck terimi y\u00fcklem yapmakla elde edilir.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. K\u0131yas\u0131n Modlar\u0131 ve Nitelik\u2013Nicelik D\u00fczeni<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Modlar \u00f6nc\u00fcllerin nicelik ve nitelik durumlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir (A, E, I, O). Sonu\u00e7 zay\u0131f \u00f6nc\u00fcle ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan modlar otomatik olarak sonucun niteli\u011fini belirler. T\u00fcmel olumlu + tikel olumlu = tikel olumlu; t\u00fcmel olumsuz + tikel olumlu = tikel olumsuz gibi sonu\u00e7lar kurala ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Aristoteles\u2019e Y\u00f6neltilen Ele\u015ftiriler: Ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131sal K\u0131yas<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                De Morgan, Aristoteles\u2019in yaln\u0131zca konu\u2013y\u00fcklem ili\u015fkisine dayanan k\u0131yas tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yetersiz oldu\u011funu; mek\u00e2nsal veya ili\u015fkisel \u00f6nermelerden de ge\u00e7erli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kabilece\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir. \u0130slam mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 bu ele\u015ftiriyi \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nce \u201ck\u0131yas\u00fc\u2019l-m\u00fcs\u00e2v\u00e2t\u201d ve \u201ckaziye-i gar\u00eebe\u201d \u00f6rnekleriyle fark etmi\u015f; gizli \u00f6nc\u00fcllere dayanan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar\u0131n klasik k\u0131yas tarifine s\u0131\u011fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. K\u0131yas\u0131n Bilimsel Temeldeki \u0130\u015flevi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Mant\u0131k, bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin omurgas\u0131d\u0131r. Kavramlar\u0131n d\u00fczeni anla\u015f\u0131lmadan teorilerin iskeleti kavranamaz. Bu nedenle k\u0131yas kurallar\u0131 metafizik ve kelam gibi disiplinlerde sistem kurucu bir i\u015fleve sahiptir.<\/p>\n

                  Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  Bu derste istidl\u00e2l t\u00fcrleri a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015f; t\u00fcmden gelimsel k\u0131yas\u0131n yap\u0131ta\u015flar\u0131, kurallar\u0131 ve \u015fekilleri sistemli bi\u00e7imde ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f; d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme i\u015flemleriyle di\u011fer \u015fekillerin birinci \u015fekle indirgenmesi g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f; k\u0131yas\u0131n bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zorunlu niteli\u011fi ortaya konmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca Aristoteles sonras\u0131 mant\u0131k gelene\u011finde k\u0131yas tarifine y\u00f6neltilen ele\u015ftiriler ve \u0130slam mant\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n katk\u0131lar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Purpose of the Lesson<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  The purpose of this lesson is to introduce the topic of inference in Shamsiyya<\/em>, to define the types of reasoning, to explain the distinctions between deduction, induction and analogy, and to present the structure, terms, rules and figures of syllogism together with the principles governing validity.<\/p>\n

                  Main Themes<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Definition of Inference and Its Types<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Inference is the process of moving from known premises to an unknown conclusion. Deduction moves from universal to particular; induction from particular to universal; analogy transfers a judgment from one particular to another.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Structure of Deductive Syllogism<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      A syllogism consists of two premises and a conclusion. Its terms are the major term, minor term and middle term. The premises containing these terms are the major and minor premises.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. General Rules of Syllogism<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        No valid conclusion comes from two negative premises or two particular premises. The middle term must not appear in the conclusion. The conclusion follows the weaker premise: if a premise is negative, the conclusion is negative; if particular, the conclusion is particular.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Figures of the Syllogism<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          The position of the middle term yields the figures: subject\u2013predicate arrangement in different combinations forms the first, second, third and fourth figures. The first figure is perfect; others require reduction.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. Rules of Conversion<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            Conversion preserves truth value. Universal affirmative converts to particular affirmative; universal negative to universal negative; particular affirmative to particular affirmative; particular negative does not convert. Reduction consists in converting a premise to obtain the first figure.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. Modes and the Nature of Premises<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              Modes express the quality and quantity of premises. The conclusion\u2019s quality and quantity follow the weaker premise automatically.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. Criticism of Aristotelian Definition<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                De Morgan\u2019s relational syllogism and the earlier discussions of Muslim logicians show that valid reasoning can occur outside the Aristotelian subject\u2013predicate structure.<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. Scientific Function of Syllogism<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  Syllogistic structure is essential for understanding philosophical and theological systems; without identifying the logical skeleton, theoretical frameworks cannot be fully grasped.<\/p>\n

                                  Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  This lesson presented the foundations of inference, the structure and rules of syllogism, the reduction of figures, and the logical role of syllogism in scientific thought, while also examining historical criticisms and the contributions of Muslim logicians.<\/p>\n

                                   <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                  HARUN KU\u015eLU,K\u00c2T\u0130B\u00ce, \u015eEMS\u0130YYE 6. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130 Dersin Amac\u0131 Bu dersin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8660","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8660","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8660"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8660\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8661,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8660\/revisions\/8661"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8660"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}