{"id":8674,"date":"2025-12-01T22:25:54","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T19:25:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/?page_id=8674"},"modified":"2025-12-01T22:25:54","modified_gmt":"2025-12-01T19:25:54","slug":"mehmet-ozturan-farabi-kitabul-burhan-5-seminer-ozeti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/mehmet-ozturan-farabi-kitabul-burhan-5-seminer-ozeti\/","title":{"rendered":"MEHMET \u00d6ZTURAN, F\u00c2R\u00c2B\u00ce, K\u0130T\u00c2BU\u2019L-BURH\u00c2N 5. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

MEHMET \u00d6ZTURAN, F\u00c2R\u00c2B\u00ce, K\u0130T\u00c2BU\u2019L-BURH\u00c2N 5. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dersin Amac\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu dersin amac\u0131 F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee\u2019nin Kit\u00e2bu\u2019l-Burh\u00e2n<\/em> eserinde \u201csebep veren burhanlar\u201d, d\u00f6rt neden teorisinin burhanla ili\u015fkisi, uzak\u2013yak\u0131n illet ayr\u0131m\u0131, limm\u00ee ve in\u2018\u00ee burhan\u0131n i\u015flevi, tan\u0131m ile burhan aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131, tan\u0131m\u0131n par\u00e7alar\u0131, tan\u0131m\u0131n yap\u0131 kurallar\u0131 ve tasavvur\u2013tasdik ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n gereklili\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ana Temalar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Sebep Veren Burhanlar\u0131n Yap\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Bir \u015feyin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildikten sonra \u201cni\u00e7in?\u201d sorusunu sormak anlaml\u0131 h\u00e2le gelir. F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee\u2019ye g\u00f6re bir \u00f6nermenin do\u011frulu\u011fu bilindi\u011finde, orta terimin ger\u00e7ekten \u201csebep\u201d olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130nsan \u201cni\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00fcr?\u201d sorusu bunun \u00f6rne\u011fidir: \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcn do\u011fru oldu\u011fu bilindikten sonra maddeden, suretten, gayeden veya failden gelen a\u00e7\u0131klamalar sebep t\u00fcrlerini olu\u015fturur. Bu d\u00f6rt neden, \u00f6nerme i\u00e7indeki A\u2013B ili\u015fkisinin a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 zemininin ne olabilece\u011fini belirler.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Uzak ve Yak\u0131n \u0130llet Ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Bir neden z\u00e2t\u00ee olsa bile uzak olabilir. Asman\u0131n yapra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6kmesi geni\u015f yaprakl\u0131 olmas\u0131na ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda neden z\u00e2t\u00eedir fakat yak\u00een\u00ee de\u011fildir; h\u00e2len daha yak\u0131n bir neden aran\u0131r. Yak\u0131n illet bilinmedi\u011finde \u201cni\u00e7in?\u201d sorusu devam eder. Bu nedenle limm\u00ee burhan\u0131n hedefi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca yak\u0131n sebebi bulmakt\u0131r; uzak sebep a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 tamamlamaz.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Tan\u0131m\u0131n Mahiyeti ve Tasnifi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Tan\u0131mlar tasavvurun en tam bi\u00e7imidir. Tekil laf\u0131zlar yaln\u0131zca en eksik tasavvuru sa\u011flar; s\u00f6zl\u00fck tipi a\u00e7\u0131klamalar kavramay\u0131 tam h\u00e2le getirmez. Mant\u0131ksal tan\u0131m cins ve fas\u0131ldan olu\u015fur. Bir tan\u0131m nesneyi kuran unsurlar\u0131 g\u00f6steriyorsa tam tan\u0131m stat\u00fcs\u00fc kazan\u0131r. Tan\u0131mlayan ile tan\u0131mlanan aras\u0131nda denkli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 esast\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Tan\u0131m\u2013Burhan \u0130li\u015fkisi<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Tekil bir laf\u0131z \u00f6nce tan\u0131mlan\u0131r, sonra bu tan\u0131m burhan\u0131n sonucu olarak elde edilebiliyorsa bu en m\u00fckemmel tan\u0131md\u0131r. \u015eim\u015fe\u011fin \u201cbuluttan \u00e7\u0131kan ses\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ve bu sonucun burhan yoluyla ispatlanmas\u0131 buna \u00f6rnektir. Burhan\u0131n orta terimi tan\u0131m\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 unsuru h\u00e2line gelir ve tan\u0131m burhan\u00ee bir temele oturmu\u015f olur.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Tan\u0131m Par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n Kullan\u0131m Kurallar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Tan\u0131m\u0131n baz\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131 tan\u0131mlanana do\u011frudan y\u00fcklem olabilirken baz\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131 olamaz; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunlar tan\u0131m\u0131n tam par\u00e7as\u0131 de\u011fil \u201cpar\u00e7an\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131\u201dd\u0131r. Daire \u00f6rne\u011finde \u201c\u015fekil\u201d do\u011frudan y\u00fcklem olabilir, ancak \u201cpar\u00e7a\u201d olamaz. B\u00f6ylece tan\u0131m ile y\u00fcklemleme aras\u0131ndaki yap\u0131sal ayr\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Varl\u0131k\u2013Mahiyet Ayr\u0131m\u0131 ve Tan\u0131m\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Varl\u0131k tan\u0131m\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olamaz; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc varl\u0131k nesnenin kurucu unsuru de\u011fil, ona sonradan ili\u015fen bir niteliktir. Mahiyeti kuran \u015fey madde ve formdur; failli\u011fin ve gayenin ise varl\u0131k kazand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 rol\u00fc vard\u0131r. Tan\u0131m yaln\u0131zca mahiyetle ilgilidir, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7ermez.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. \u0130limlerin Konusu, \u0130lkeleri ve Meseleleri<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Bir ilmin konusu o ilmin ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feyin z\u00e2t\u00ee arazileridir. \u0130lkeler o ilmin aksiyonlar\u0131d\u0131r; ispat edilmeyip kabul edilir. Meseleler ise \u201cA, B midir?\u201d tarz\u0131ndaki \u00f6nermelerdir. Bu yap\u0131 nazar\u00ee ilimlerin \u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Tasavvur\u2013Tasdik Ayr\u0131m\u0131 ve Menon Paradoksu<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Bir \u015feyi b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle bilmek ya da hi\u00e7 bilmemek \u00fczerinden kurulan Menon paradoksu, tasavvur\u2013tasdik ayr\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bir kavram hakk\u0131nda k\u0131smi bilgiye sahip olmak \u00f6\u011frenmeyi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lar. \u0130limlerin giri\u015finde konunun ve gayenin belirtilmesi bu nedenle zorunludur; zihin tamamen me\u00e7hul bir \u015feye y\u00f6nelemez.<\/p>\n

                  Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  Bu derste sebep veren burhanlar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131, uzak\u2013yak\u0131n illet ayr\u0131m\u0131, tan\u0131m\u0131n i\u015flevi ve kurallar\u0131, tan\u0131m\u2013burhan ili\u015fkisi, mahiyet\u2013varl\u0131k ayr\u0131m\u0131, ilimlerin konusu ve ilkeleri ile tasavvur\u2013tasdik ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n zorunlulu\u011fu incelenmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee\u2019nin burhan anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kesin bilginin nas\u0131l temellendirildi\u011fi ortaya konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Purpose of the Lesson<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  The purpose of this lesson is to explain in al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b\u2019s Kit\u0101b al-Burh\u0101n<\/em> the structure of demonstrations that provide causes, the four-cause framework, the distinction between remote and proximate causes, the function of limm\u012b and in\u2018\u012b demonstrations, the relation between definition and demonstration, the rules regarding the components of definition, and the necessity of the distinction between conception and assent.<\/p>\n

                  Main Themes<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Structure of Cause-Giving Demonstrations<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    After the existence of a thing is known, asking \u201cwhy?\u201d becomes meaningful. Once the truth of a proposition is established, the middle term is examined to see whether it is genuinely a cause. The four causes\u2014matter, form, end, and agent\u2014explain how the A\u2013B relation within a proposition is established.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Remote and Proximate Causes<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      A cause may be essential yet remote. True explanation requires identifying the proximate cause. If the proximate cause is not known, the \u201cwhy?\u201d question continues, and the limm\u012b demonstration seeks to reach the nearest explanatory ground.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. Nature and Classification of Definition<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Definitions are the most complete form of conception. Single words give only partial conception. Logical definition consists of genus and differentia and must establish equivalence between defining and defined.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Relation Between Definition and Demonstration<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          If the definition of a term can be obtained as the conclusion of a demonstration, this is the most perfect definition. In the lightning example, the demonstrative middle term grounds the explanatory phrase that constitutes the definition.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. Rules Governing Parts of Definition<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            Some parts of a definition can serve as predicates of the defined, while others cannot because they are only parts of parts. This distinguishes the structure of definition from that of predication.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. Distinction Between Existence and Essence<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              Existence cannot form part of a definition; only the constitutive elements\u2014matter and form\u2014can. Defining concerns essence, not existence.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. Subject, Principles, and Problems of the Sciences<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                The subject of a science consists of what bears essential attributes. Principles are axioms not proven within the science. Problems are the propositions proved within it.<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. Conception\u2013Assent Distinction and the Meno Paradox<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  Learning is possible because one may know a concept partially (conception) without knowing its truth-value (assent). Therefore, the paradox is resolved by distinguishing these two modes of cognition.<\/p>\n

                                  Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  The lesson clarified the demonstrative structure of causes, the role of proximate explanation, the nature of definition, the tie between definition and demonstration, the limits of definition regarding existence, and the structure of the sciences, thereby showing how certainty is established in al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b\u2019s epistemology.<\/p>\n

                                   <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                  MEHMET \u00d6ZTURAN, F\u00c2R\u00c2B\u00ce, K\u0130T\u00c2BU\u2019L-BURH\u00c2N 5. SEM\u0130NER \u00d6ZET\u0130 Dersin Amac\u0131 Bu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8674","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8674","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8674"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8674\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8675,"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8674\/revisions\/8675"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/klasikdusunceokulu.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8674"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}